The lung compartment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is characterized by chronic inflammation and severe immunologic derangements. While some of the inflammatory changes may be due to chronic stimulation by HIV in the lung, correlation between these changes and the lung viral load is poor. Thus other factors are likely driving the chronic inflammatory state in the lung. Given the known immunodeficiency in these patients, colonization of the respiratory tract with new or increased numbers of infectious pathogens is highly likely and easily could be contributing to chronic inflammation. Thus we hypothesize that the lung inflammatory and immunologic environment in HIV-infected subjects is directly related to the host microbiome rather than the pulmonary HIV burden, that the immunodeficiency seen leads to a more diverse pulmonary microbiome compared to uninfected subjects, and that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) returns the pulmonary microbiome towards normal. We will make use of a large existing cohort of bronchoalvoelar lavage samples to begin exploring lung microbiomes in normal volunteers and HIV-infected subjects and correlate these with measures of local pulmonary inflammation. These cohorts include HIV-infected subjects with COPD and those studied prior to starting antiretroviral and followed longitudinally for 6-12 months. We will also prospectively study the microbiome along the entire respiratory tract from the oropharynx to the alveoli to determine if what is found in the upper tract can predict lower respiratory microbiomes. To accomplish our goals we propose the following Specific Aims. (1) To compare the respiratory microbiome between HIV-infected subjects and normal volunteers;(2) To directly correlate the relationship between the respiratory microbiome and the pulmonary inflammatory milieu in HIV-infected subjects and normal volunteers;(3) To determine if highly active antiretroviral therapy alters the pulmonary microbiome and local inflammatory response;and (4) To compare the respiratory microbiome in HIV-infected subjects and normal volunteers from the oropharynx to the alveoli. In depth analysis will start with 16s and 18s rRNA sequencing to paint a broad picture of the microorganisms present in the lung. Detailed metagenomic shotgun sequencing will be performed on prospectively identified species to characterize significant gene pools which may directly impact the pulmonary immunologic and inflammatory milieu These studies will greatly enhance our understanding of the lung environment in both health and disease and lead to potential new models defining pulmonary homeostasis.

Public Health Relevance

In this project we will be examining the microbiological flora present in the lung of HIV-infected subjects to determine if there is a difference between them and non HIV-infected subject in the types of organisms found. These studies will add to our understanding of how normal bacteria colonizing our lungs influence the lung environment in health and disease.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project--Cooperative Agreements (U01)
Project #
5U01HL098960-04
Application #
8308433
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZHL1-CSR-Z (S1))
Program Officer
Colombini-Hatch, Sandra
Project Start
2009-09-23
Project End
2014-07-31
Budget Start
2012-08-01
Budget End
2013-07-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$735,715
Indirect Cost
$144,113
Name
Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
603007902
City
Indianapolis
State
IN
Country
United States
Zip Code
46202
Twigg 3rd, Homer L; Weinstock, George M; Knox, Kenneth S (2017) Lung microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Transl Res 179:97-107
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Beck, James M; Schloss, Patrick D; Venkataraman, Arvind et al. (2015) Multicenter Comparison of Lung and Oral Microbiomes of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192:1335-44
Cui, Lijia; Morris, Alison; Huang, Laurence et al. (2014) The microbiome and the lung. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11 Suppl 4:S227-32
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Li, Ming-Yun; Huang, Rui-Jie; Zhou, Xue-Dong et al. (2013) Role of sortase in Streptococcus mutans under the effect of nicotine. Int J Oral Sci 5:206-11
Lozupone, Catherine; Cota-Gomez, Adela; Palmer, Brent E et al. (2013) Widespread colonization of the lung by Tropheryma whipplei in HIV infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187:1110-7
Huang, Ruijie; Li, Mingyun; Gregory, Richard L (2012) Effect of nicotine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans. Eur J Oral Sci 120:319-25
Wang, Mingjie; Ye, Yuzhen; Tang, Haixu (2012) A de Bruijn graph approach to the quantification of closely-related genomes in a microbial community. J Comput Biol 19:814-25

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