Despite rapid urbanization and environmental changes in most areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Plasmodium transmission and malaria disease in urban settings remains pooriy understood. Limited epidemiological evidence of urban disease and vector abundance suggests considerable heterogeneity, as incidence appears to be increasing. This study will investigate diverse ecological, social, and behavioral determinants of malaria risk in and around urban areas of Blantyre, Malawi to better understand household-scale drivers of transmission and disease. Standard epidemiological methods, combined with new tools involving satellite images, space-time statistics and molecular diagnosis will address four Aims.
Under Aim 1, we will characterize variation in malaria incidence throughout Malawi and determine associations with specific environmental characteristics using existing passive surveillance of cases (2002-2015) and three rounds of DHS active surveillance.
Aim 2 involves a multi-year, health-facility-based, case-control study of Plasmodium infection and malaria in 6 s 59 month-old children from households in diverse social and ecological environments and levels of urbanicity. The importance of assets and behaviors, including travel, as they affect variation in transmission in/around housholds will be explored through questionnaires that accompany observations of household conditions. Studies under Aim 3 will expand on this work during two years by characterizing SNP-based genotypes of Plasmodium from people and mosquitoes in different urban and rural habitats to further explore transmission locations. Time series analyses in Aim 4 will address space-time variability and risk of environmentally-promoted epidemics. Social, economic and ecologic characteristics of housholds will be evaluated to better contextualize the urban-rural continuum. Together, we seek to better understand the complex interplay of multiple drivers of malaria risk across the spectrum of conditions represented by this urban-rural continuum, and determine which are most amenable to intervention. Ultimately, these studies should help to inform prevention policy and efficient delivery of interventions to those in greatest need.

Public Health Relevance

Urban malaria is an understudied phenomenon. Africa is urbanizing rapidly, and Malawi is urbanizing more quickly than any other country. We propose to conduct a comprehensive assessment of malaria infection and illness, in and around the city of Blantyre, in order to identify the determinants of malaria transmission at the household level. The knowledge gained may be able to improve attempts to control urban malaria.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Program--Cooperative Agreements (U19)
Project #
5U19AI089683-04
Application #
8499217
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1-AWA-M)
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
2013-07-01
Budget End
2014-06-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$157,054
Indirect Cost
$7,920
Name
Michigan State University
Department
Type
DUNS #
193247145
City
East Lansing
State
MI
Country
United States
Zip Code
48824
Dear, Nicole F; Kadangwe, Chifundo; Mzilahowa, Themba et al. (2018) Household-level and surrounding peri-domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban-rural continuum in Blantyre, Malawi. Malar J 17:229
Coalson, Jenna E; Cohee, Lauren M; Buchwald, Andrea G et al. (2018) Simulation models predict that school-age children are responsible for most human-to-mosquito Plasmodium falciparum transmission in southern Malawi. Malar J 17:147
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Buchwald, Andrea G; Coalson, Jenna E; Cohee, Lauren M et al. (2017) Insecticide-treated net effectiveness at preventing Plasmodium falciparum infection varies by age and season. Malar J 16:32
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Coalson, Jenna E; Walldorf, Jenny A; Cohee, Lauren M et al. (2016) High prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte infections in school-age children using molecular detection: patterns and predictors of risk from a cross-sectional study in southern Malawi. Malar J 15:527
Feintuch, Catherine Manix; Saidi, Alex; Seydel, Karl et al. (2016) Activated Neutrophils Are Associated with Pediatric Cerebral Malaria Vasculopathy in Malawian Children. MBio 7:e01300-15
Buchwald, Andrea G; Walldorf, Jenny A; Cohee, Lauren M et al. (2016) Bed net use among school-aged children after a universal bed net campaign in Malawi. Malar J 15:127
Mathanga, Don P; Tembo, Atupele Kapito; Mzilahowa, Themba et al. (2016) Patterns and determinants of malaria risk in urban and peri-urban areas of Blantyre, Malawi. Malar J 15:590

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