The goal of the project is to understand the detailed molecular mechanism of HIV-1 DNA integration, the structures of the nucleoprotein complexes that mediate DNA integration, the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors, and how the virus can the virus can evolve resistance to these inhibitors. Integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into cellular DNA is an essential step for replication of HIV-1 and other retroviruses. Integration is mediated by the virally encoded integrase protein in complex with viral and target DNA; complexes of integrase associated with a pair of viral DNA are collectively called intasomes. The first intasome on the integration reaction pathway is Stable Synaptic Complex (SSC) intasome that comprises a complex of integrase and the pair of viral DNA ends. Integrase cleaves two nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA (3' end processing) within the SSC and then integrates these 3' ends into target DNA (DNA strand transfer) to form the Strand Transfer Complex (STC) intasome. The FDA has recently approved three drugs, Raltegravir, Elvitegravir and Dolutegravir, that target HIV-1 integrase and more are in the pipeline. These drugs are highly effective and provide a new class of drugs for combination antiviral therapy. They specifically target the DNA strand transfer step of integration and bind to the assembled SSC intasomes after 3 end processing rather than free integrase protein. High-resolution structural studies of HIV-1 intasomes are therefore required to understand the detailed mechanism of action of inhibitors and mechanisms of escape by mutations that confer resistance. We have established conditions for in vitro assembly of HIV intasomes. The intasomes assembled in vitro mimic all the properties of the association of integrase with viral DNA in preintegration complexes (PICs) isolated from virus-infected cells. Structural studies of HIV intasomes have been frustrated by aggregation of both integrase and intasomes. We have recently overcome these obstacles. Fusing of Sulfolobus solfataricus chromosomal protein (PDB: 1BNZ) to the N-terminus of HIV-1 integrase resulted in a hyperactive protein that assembled intasomes with improved solubility properties. We have also assembled intasomes for our structural studies on branched product DNA, a strategy we have previously validated with the closely related prototype foamy virus integrase. Although the intasomes appeared to be homogeneous as judged by gel filtration, attempts to crystallize were unsuccessful. We there initiated collaboration with Dmitry Lyumkis at the Salk Institute to determine their structure by cryo-EM. The small size of HIV intasomes, together with the requirement for 0.5M sodium chloride and glycerol to prevent aggregation, present a challenge to cryo-EM studies. We have succeeded in obtaining a density map of the tetrameric STC intasome resolved to 3.5-4.5 , with the highest resolution information characterizing the intasome core containing the active site. Unexpectedly, in addition to the tetrameric intasome , we also observe higher order intasome species, including dodecamers. Remarkably, both the tetramers and higher order species share a common architecture of domains in contact with DNA. The corresponding domains are also spatially conserved in the structures of other retroviral intasomes. Thus retroviral integrases can assemble the same core arrangement of domains contacting DNA in different ways. The biological significance of this phenomenon remains to be determined
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