This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. Hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus are more common in schizophrenia than in the general population. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by disturbances in insulin action on skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Diabetes causes increased morbidity and mortality due to acute (e.g., diabetic ketacidosis) and long-term (e.g., cardiovascular disease) complications. The combination of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abdominal adiposity is even more strongly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The association of type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia with schizophrenia was first noted prior to the introduction of antipsychotic medications, suggesting that these patients may be at increased risk. Since then, however, additional glucoregulatory abnormalities (e.g., new onset diabetes), dyslipidemia, and increased weight and adiposity have all been associated with antipsychotic medications. Concern about antipsychotic effects on glucose, lipids and adiposity has increased recently, focusing on the widely-used newer medications, clozapine and olanzapine. Increased abdominal adiposity can secondarily decrease insulin sensitivity and anipsychotics can increase adiposity. However, medication effects on glucose control and insulin action may alos occur independent of differences in adiposity. This project aims to a) evaluate the effects of selected antipsychoitc medications on insulin action in skeletal muscle (glucose disposal), liver (glucose production) and adipose tissue (whole-body lipolysis), b) the effects of selected antipsychotic medications on abdominal adipose tissue mass, total body fat and total fat-free mass, and c) explore the longitudinal effects of treatment with selected antipsychotics on glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, abdominal adipose tissue mass, total bady fat and total fat-free mass. These hypotheses will be evaluated by measuring 1) whole-body glucose and lipid kinetics with the use of 'gold-standard' stable isotope tracer methodology, 2) body composition using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, and 3) longitudinal changes in glucose tolerance and lipid profiles.
The aims will be addressed in non-diabetic schizophrenia patients chronically treated with risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, or haloperidol, and untreated healthy controls. Re-evaluations will also be performed in patients treated with olanzapine and risperidone (from groups above), crossed over to treatment with the other agent for 6 months. Relevant data is critically needed to target basic research, identify long-term cardiovascular consequences, and plan therapeutic interventions.
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