This Project focuses on the range of male-female mortality differences. The World Health Organization announced in 2006 that, for humans, female life expectancy exceeded the male level in all the world's countries. It is sometimes thought that this was always the case and that the gap is roughly the same across countries. Furthermore, it is sometimes asserted that female life expectancies exceed male levels for almost all species. The truth is more complicated. The research in this Project relies on lifetables that can be found in the literature and on websites or that we propose to estimate. The lifetables will be analyzed to document the range of male-female mortality differences across human populations over time and place. The Project will also document the range of male-female mortality differences in nonhuman vertebrates by using and analyzing sex-specific mortality data for about 600 species of vertebrates (i.e., mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish). It includes: (1) An analysis of about 3,000 pairs of sex-specific lifetables for human populations over the past 250 years. This will shed new light on the range of differences between male and female life expectancies as well as on male-female age-specific death rates and identify the populations with the biggest and smallest differences. Factors contributing to the gaps will be investigated. (2) A re-assessment of skeletal age-at-death data and an estimation of lifetables for human experience over the past 10,000 years. With this new (re-assessed) data, we will test the hypothesis that from the Neolithic until the late Middle Ages male life expectancy was higher than female life expectancy. Together with the findings from our analyses of human lifetables (see above), these findings will be of importance in providing a better understanding of the development of human male-female longevity differences. (3) A study of sex-specific lifetables and life-expectancies for some 600 vertebrate species. This will reveal the range of the relative life-expectancy gap across species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish and not only show how universal the purported female advantage is, but also shed new light on the species characteristics that determine the size of the gap.

Public Health Relevance

Is it true that males are healthier than females but die younger? If so, why? This research Project addresses these questions concerning the human health-survival paradox. Findings will provide a deeper understanding of the basis for sex differences in health and survival?and of the opportunities that society and particularly health professionals have to improve health and survival for males and females.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Type
Research Program Projects (P01)
Project #
5P01AG031719-03
Application #
8314009
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAG1)
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
2011-09-01
Budget End
2012-08-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$68,577
Indirect Cost
Name
Duke University
Department
Type
DUNS #
044387793
City
Durham
State
NC
Country
United States
Zip Code
27705
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Gesquiere, Laurence R; Pugh, Mya; Alberts, Susan C et al. (2018) Estimation of energetic condition in wild baboons using fecal thyroid hormone determination. Gen Comp Endocrinol 260:9-17
Höhn, Andreas; Larsen, Lisbeth Aagaard; Schneider, Daniel Christoph et al. (2018) Sex differences in the 1-year risk of dying following all-cause and cause-specific hospital admission after age 50 in comparison with a general and non-hospitalised population: a register-based cohort study of the Danish population. BMJ Open 8:e021813
Santacroce, Adriana; Wastesson, Jonas W; Höhn, Andreas et al. (2018) Gender differences in the use of anti-infective medications before and after widowhood: a register-based study. J Epidemiol Community Health 72:526-531
Alberts, Susan C (2018) Social influences on survival and reproduction: Insights from a long-term study of wild baboons. J Anim Ecol :
Oksuzyan, Anna; Sauer, Torsten; Gampe, Jutta et al. (2018) Is Who you Ask Important? Concordance Between Survey and Registry Data on Medication Use Among Self- and Proxy-Respondents in the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins and the Danish 1905-Cohort Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci :
Gesquiere, Laurence R; Altmann, Jeanne; Archie, Elizabeth A et al. (2018) Interbirth intervals in wild baboons: Environmental predictors and hormonal correlates. Am J Phys Anthropol 166:107-126
Zarulli, Virginia; Barthold Jones, Julia A; Oksuzyan, Anna et al. (2018) Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:E832-E840
Oksuzyan, Anna; Singh, Prashant Kumar; Christensen, Kaare et al. (2018) A Cross-National Study of the Gender Gap in Health Among Older Adults in India and China: Similarities and Disparities. Gerontologist 58:1156-1165
Zeng, Yi; Nie, Chao; Min, Junxia et al. (2018) Sex Differences in Genetic Associations With Longevity. JAMA Netw Open 1:

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