Mixed xenogeneic chimerism is a promising approach to achieving tolerance across species barriers. This approach is being explored in nonhuman primates in Project 2. The studies in Project 3 will complement those in the nonhuman primate model by exploring the ability of porcine mixed xenogeneic chimerism to tolerize non-T cell components of the human immune system and analyzing the function of xenotolerant human T cells in detail. We have developed a humanized mouse model that allows generation of functional human T cells and B cells as well as human dendritic cells of several classes. These mice mount effective T cell responses and class-switched IgG responses following immunization and produce natural anti-pig xenoantibodies. We have also generated transgenic immunodeficient mice expressing porcine cytokines that promote porcine hematopoiesis from pig bone manow cells (BMCs). Using this model, we have demonstrated that the addition of porcine BMCs to the humanized mouse model results in central T cell tolerance induction specifically to the pig BMC donor, with preserved responsiveness to allogeneic and third party pig antigens. Our previous studies in the rat to mouse species combination have demonstrated that even low levels of mixed xenogeneic chimerism tolerize T cells centrally and tolerize natural killer (NK) cells and pre-existing natural antibody-producing B cells to the xenogeneic donor. In this proposal we will use this humanized mouse model to explore the ability of mixed porcine chimerism to tolerize human NK cells and B cells. We will also assess T cell function and the ability to clear opportunistic infections in pig-human mixed xenogeneic chimeras. We will: 1) Explore the ability of mixed xenogeneic chimerism to induce human NK cell tolerance in the pig-human species combination;2) Explore the ability of mixed xenogeneic chimerism to induce human natural antibody-producing B cell tolerance in the pig-human species combination;and 3) Compare T cell immune responses in humanized mice with and without porcine mixed xenogeneic chimerism. These studies will assess T cell immune recognition in further detail and determine the ability to tolerize additional components of the human immune system that pose significant barriers to xenotransplantation. They have direct bearing on the mixed chimerism strategy being explored in the pig-->baboon model in Project 2 and will determine the potential utility of adding BMT to thymic transplantation in Project 1. The studies are also highly relevant to the non-Gal Nab studies in Projects 1 and 4.

Public Health Relevance

The severe shortage of allogeneic donors currently limits the number of transplants performed. This supply-demand disparity could be corrected by the ability to use organs from other species (xenografts), but the immune barriers to xenografts make it unlikely that non-specific immunosuppression could prevent rejection without unacceptable toxicity. We have developed an approach to achieving xenograft tolerance among human T cells, thereby avoiding the need for non-specific immunosuppression and we now propose studies that will advance this promising approach toward clinical application.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Program Projects (P01)
Project #
2P01AI045897-11A1
Application #
8190127
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1-QV-I (M2))
Project Start
2011-07-15
Project End
2016-06-30
Budget Start
2011-07-15
Budget End
2012-06-30
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$459,588
Indirect Cost
Name
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department
Type
DUNS #
073130411
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02199
Sykes, Megan (2018) IXA Honorary Member Lecture, 2017: The long and winding road to tolerance. Xenotransplantation 25:e12419
Proto, Jonathan D; Doran, Amanda C; Subramanian, Manikandan et al. (2018) Hypercholesterolemia induces T cell expansion in humanized immune mice. J Clin Invest 128:2370-2375
Chen, Mo; Wang, Yuantao; Wang, Hui et al. (2018) Elimination of donor CD47 protects against vascularized allograft rejection in mice. Xenotransplantation :e12459
Watanabe, Hironosuke; Sahara, Hisashi; Nomura, Shunichiro et al. (2018) GalT-KO pig lungs are highly susceptible to acute vascular rejection in baboons, which may be mitigated by transgenic expression of hCD47 on porcine blood vessels. Xenotransplantation 25:e12391
Sachs, David H (2018) Transplantation tolerance through mixed chimerism: From allo to xeno. Xenotransplantation 25:e12420
Fishman, Jay A; Sachs, David H; Yamada, Kazuhiko et al. (2018) Absence of interaction between porcine endogenous retrovirus and porcine cytomegalovirus in pig-to-baboon renal xenotransplantation in vivo. Xenotransplantation 25:e12395
Mastroianni, Melissa; Ng, Zhi Yang; Goyal, Ritu et al. (2018) Topical Delivery of Immunosuppression to Prolong Xenogeneic and Allogeneic Split-Thickness Skin Graft Survival. J Burn Care Res 39:363-373
Borsotti, Chiara; Danzl, Nichole M; Nauman, Grace et al. (2017) HSC extrinsic sex-related and intrinsic autoimmune disease-related human B-cell variation is recapitulated in humanized mice. Blood Adv 1:2007-2018
Cooper, David K C; Pierson 3rd, Richard N; Hering, Bernhard J et al. (2017) Regulation of Clinical Xenotransplantation-Time for a Reappraisal. Transplantation 101:1766-1769
Tan, Shulian; Li, Yang; Xia, Jinxing et al. (2017) Type 1 diabetes induction in humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:10954-10959

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