Treatment of advanced melanoma is undergoing a revolution due to targeted therapeutics directed at BRAF(V600E) mutations and immune checkpoint blockade. However both the magnitude and durability of responses are very far from optimal (median progression on PLX4032 of ~8 months). This PPG takes a systematic, comprehensive, and interdisciplinary approach towards elucidating and overcoming this treatment resistance with combination approaches including drugs as well as immunotherapy. Our team consists of leaders in melanoma biology as well as principal investigators of key current clinical trials. Our approach builds on generating paired, patient-derived sensitive and resistant melanoma specimens and cell lines via a Shared Resource Core (Core A) using in vitro culture techniques and highly efficient xenografts in N0D/SCID/IL2RY-/- mice. These specimens, and corresponding patients, will be annotated by an extensive set of clinical and molecular criteria including candidate oncogene sequencing, genomic copy number, and PLX4720 ICSO. The same paired melanoma specimens will then undergo deep sequencing and full-genome. shRNA phenotypic screening (Project 1), to identify acquired mutations and gene dependencies associated with resistance (synthetic lethality). Validation/prioritization of hits will build on collective knowledge from ail 3 Projects. Project 2 will carry out parallel analyses of resistance mechanisms and hit validation in genetically defined mouse melanoma models, including the testing of candidates derived from Projects 1 & 3 and the incorporation of tumors with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Resistance mechanisms identified in mice will be utilized to prioritize among candidates among the human studies (Project 1). Project 3 will examine the MITF pathway which antagonizes apoptosis after BRAF(V600E) inhibitor drugs-offering drugable opportunities-and also study immune involvement which may be regulated by MITF via modulation of melanoma antigenicity. Combination therapy with BRAF(V600E) antagonists plus immune checkpoint blockade will be scrutinized using genetically defined mice and also studied in patients. The resulting molecular and functional datasets will be integrated via a specialized Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core at the Broad Institute (Core B) to prioritize and validate hits from each platform, inform mechanisms of resistance, nominate biomarkers of sensitivity/resistance, and identify drug-able vulnerabilities for preclinical/clinical development. The predicted output of these extensively integrated Projects and Cores could not be replicated in separate initiatives, but will function within a highy collaborative, multi-disciplinary structure to accelerate the discovery of a cure.

Public Health Relevance

While a major advance in melanoma therapy was recently made, due to application of a new class of 'oncogene-targeted' drugs to ~50% of advanced melanoma patients; the magnitude and duration of clinical responses have been incomplete and only temporary. This POI focuses on major opportunities to discover specific molecular explanations for treatment resistance, and on scientifically based strategies to overcome such treatment resistance via combination therapy approaches.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Research Program Projects (P01)
Project #
5P01CA163222-05
Application #
9257289
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZCA1-RPRB-O (O1))
Program Officer
Forry, Suzanne L
Project Start
2013-03-12
Project End
2018-02-28
Budget Start
2017-03-01
Budget End
2018-02-28
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$1,266,932
Indirect Cost
$258,384
Name
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department
Type
Independent Hospitals
DUNS #
073130411
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02114
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Nguyen, Nhu T; Fisher, David E (2018) MITF and UV responses in skin: From pigmentation to addiction. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res :
Kapp, Friedrich G; Perlin, Julie R; Hagedorn, Elliott J et al. (2018) Protection from UV light is an evolutionarily conserved feature of the haematopoietic niche. Nature 558:445-448
Romano, Gabriele; Chen, Pei-Ling; Song, Ping et al. (2018) A Preexisting Rare PIK3CAE545K Subpopulation Confers Clinical Resistance to MEK plus CDK4/6 Inhibition in NRAS Melanoma and Is Dependent on S6K1 Signaling. Cancer Discov 8:556-567
Wein, Marc N; Foretz, Marc; Fisher, David E et al. (2018) Salt-Inducible Kinases: Physiology, Regulation by cAMP, and Therapeutic Potential. Trends Endocrinol Metab 29:723-735
Levy, Carmit; Golan, Tamar; Fisher, David E (2018) miRNA-211 stops the clock. Noncoding RNA Investig 2:
Byrne, Elizabeth H; Fisher, David E (2017) Immune and molecular correlates in melanoma treated with immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer 123:2143-2153
Lin, William M; Fisher, David E (2017) Signaling and Immune Regulation in Melanoma Development and Responses to Therapy. Annu Rev Pathol 12:75-102
Kawakami, Akinori; Fisher, David E (2017) The master role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocyte and melanoma biology. Lab Invest 97:649-656
Reuben, Alexandre; Spencer, Christine N; Prieto, Peter A et al. (2017) Genomic and immune heterogeneity are associated with differential responses to therapy in melanoma. NPJ Genom Med 2:

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