This program project includes three randomized clinical trials to test whether long-term use of chemopreventive antimalarial therapies in children or of antiretroviral protease inhibitors in children or pregnant women will decrease the incidence of malaria and related malarial morbidity. These interventions offer the opportunity to significantly decrease the incidence and morbidity of malaria, the most important infectious disease in children and pregnant women in Africa. However, repeated or chronic therapy for infectious diseases routinely entails a risk of selection of drug-resistant parasites. This is a particular concern for malaria, as drug resistance already limits treatment options, and control efforts based of intermittent therapy have relied heavily on antifolates, against which resistance is increasing. Thus, as our clinical trials test the preventive antimalarial efficacy of antiretroviral and antimalarial drugs, it is very important to characterize the impact of these interventions on the selection of drug-resistant malaria parasites. We hypothesize that intermittent or chronic use of antimalarial and protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapies will decrease the incidence of malaria, but that these therapies will select for drug resistant parasites that may become refractory to control efforts. Further, we hypothesize that different drugs will offer different selective pressures. Therefore, an appreciation of the selective pressures for resistance of different drugs can, in addition to the results of our clinical trials, guide public policy for the management of HIV infection and malaria in Africa. Project 4 will utilize parasitology and molecular techniques to test our hypotheses, benefiting from a clinical laboratory with focused expertise in Tororo, a central laboratory in Kampala with extensive molecular and parasitological capabilities, and a laboratory with 20 years of experience studying malaria parasites at UCSF.
Our specific aims will be: 1) to characterize the selection of drug-resistant malaria parasites by antifolate chemopreventive regimens, 2) to characterize the selection of drug-resistant malaria parasites by chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine, and 3) to characterize the selection of drug-resistant malaria parasites by antiretroviral protease inhibitors with antimalarial activity. These studies will complement our clinical trials to provide a balanced assessment of the costs and benefits of new chemopreventive measures to control malaria.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Program Projects (P01)
Project #
5P01HD059454-05
Application #
8382588
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-AARR-C)
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
2012-08-01
Budget End
2013-07-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$271,842
Indirect Cost
$82,269
Name
University of California San Francisco
Department
Type
DUNS #
094878337
City
San Francisco
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94143
Wallender, Erika; Vucicevic, Katarina; Jagannathan, Prasanna et al. (2018) Predicting Optimal Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Regimens to Prevent Malaria During Pregnancy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women Receiving Efavirenz. J Infect Dis 217:964-972
Odorizzi, Pamela M; Jagannathan, Prasanna; McIntyre, Tara I et al. (2018) In utero priming of highly functional effector T cell responses to human malaria. Sci Transl Med 10:
Savic, Rada M; Jagannathan, Prasanna; Kajubi, Richard et al. (2018) Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria in Pregnancy: Optimization of Target Concentrations of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine. Clin Infect Dis 67:1079-1088
Jagannathan, Prasanna; Kakuru, Abel; Okiring, Jaffer et al. (2018) Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy and risk of malaria in early childhood: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 15:e1002606
Jagannathan, Prasanna; Kajubi, Richard; Aweeka, Francesca T (2018) Response to ""Antiretroviral Therapy With Efavirenz in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women: Understanding the Possible Mechanisms for Drug-Drug Interaction"". Clin Pharmacol Ther 103:571
Conroy, Andrea L; McDonald, Chloe R; Gamble, Joel L et al. (2017) Altered angiogenesis as a common mechanism underlying preterm birth, small for gestational age, and stillbirth in women living with HIV. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217:684.e1-684.e17
Kapisi, James; Kakuru, Abel; Jagannathan, Prasanna et al. (2017) Relationships between infection with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy, measures of placental malaria, and adverse birth outcomes. Malar J 16:400
Prahl, Mary; Jagannathan, Prasanna; McIntyre, Tara I et al. (2017) Sex Disparity in Cord Blood FoxP3+ CD4 T Regulatory Cells in Infants Exposed to Malaria In Utero. Open Forum Infect Dis 4:ofx022
Sonoiki, Ebere; Nsanzabana, Christian; Legac, Jennifer et al. (2017) Altered Plasmodium falciparum Sensitivity to the Antiretroviral Protease Inhibitor Lopinavir Associated with Polymorphisms in pfmdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:
Kajubi, R; Huang, L; Jagannathan, P et al. (2017) Antiretroviral Therapy With Efavirenz Accentuates Pregnancy-Associated Reduction of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Exposure During Malaria Chemoprevention. Clin Pharmacol Ther 102:520-528

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