The availability of combination antiretroviral therapy has greatly reduced HIV-associated dementia but neurocognitive impairment can still occur earlier in the disease course (conditions collectively known as HAND), and the extent to which earlier impairment improves, persists, or even worsens when on therapy is poorly understood. Also, while it is known that HIV can be found in the CNS and sampled in the CSF, the role of viral replication in the CNS as being contributing or causal to impairment is unknown. Finally, successful suppression of virus in the blood while on therapy is not always accompanied by suppression in the CNS, with this apparent viral replication being a potential contributing factor to a lack of resolution of impairment while on therapy. In this application five senior investigators propose three inter-related projects to study issues surrounding viral replication in the CNS in the setting of antiviral therapy. We believe these studies will provide essential mechanistic information regarding the basis for neurocognitive impairment and that this information is necessary before effective interventions can be designed. The proposal is based on an observational cohort of subjects initiating therapy with longitudinal sampling of blood and CSF from entry through suppression of virus in the blood. Project 1 will focus on evidence of viral replication in the CNS at the time of entry, and on the tropism of this virus (i.e. is it replicating in activated T cells or in macrophage/microglia cells). Project 2 will examine the level of immune-mediated inflammation, and evidence for neuronal damage at entry and their resolution with the initiation on therapy. Neuropsychiatric evaluations will also be done to determine the correlates of neurocogntive impairment and the predictors of it resolution or persistence on therapy. Project 3 will address the issue of persistent viral replication in the CNS while on successful therapy, including defining the tropism of the persisting virus, the role of therapy choice and drug levels in the CNS, and the potential for genetic polymorphism in proteins involved in pumping drugs from the CNS to impact drug concentrations to such an extent as to allow residual, ongoing viral replication. Collectively, these studies will bring a detailed understanding of viral replication and viral evolution, with the attendant issues of inflammation and neuronal damage,
The role of HIV replication in neurocognitive impairment is poorly understood. Continued viral replication in the CNS can persist even during therapy. This proposed work will examine the role of viral replication, inflammation and damage in the CNS in the setting of antiretroviral therapy to determine the correlates of continued neurocognitive impairment.
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| Dumond, Julie B; Yang, Kuo H; Kendrick, Racheal et al. (2015) Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Lamivudine and Zidovudine Triphosphates Predicts Differential Pharmacokinetics in Seminal Mononuclear Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:6395-401 |
| Sturdevant, Christa Buckheit; Joseph, Sarah B; Schnell, Gretja et al. (2015) Compartmentalized replication of R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1 in the central nervous system early in the course of infection. PLoS Pathog 11:e1004720 |
| Joseph, Sarah B; Arrildt, Kathryn T; Sturdevant, Christa B et al. (2015) HIV-1 target cells in the CNS. J Neurovirol 21:276-89 |
| Bednar, Maria M; Sturdevant, Christa Buckheit; Tompkins, Lauren A et al. (2015) Compartmentalization, Viral Evolution, and Viral Latency of HIV in the CNS. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 12:262-71 |
| Arrildt, Kathryn T; LaBranche, Celia C; Joseph, Sarah B et al. (2015) Phenotypic Correlates of HIV-1 Macrophage Tropism. J Virol 89:11294-311 |
| Price, Richard W; Spudich, Serena S; Peterson, Julia et al. (2014) Evolving character of chronic central nervous system HIV infection. Semin Neurol 34:7-13 |
| Joseph, Sarah B; Arrildt, Kathryn T; Swanstrom, Adrienne E et al. (2014) Quantification of entry phenotypes of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 across a wide range of CD4 densities. J Virol 88:1858-69 |
| Peterson, Julia; Gisslen, Magnus; Zetterberg, Henrik et al. (2014) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuronal biomarkers across the spectrum of HIV infection: hierarchy of injury and detection. PLoS One 9:e116081 |
| Jessen Krut, Jan; Mellberg, Tomas; Price, Richard W et al. (2014) Biomarker evidence of axonal injury in neuroasymptomatic HIV-1 patients. PLoS One 9:e88591 |
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