Toxicity and drug resistance limit the efficacy of long term antiviral therapy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in severely immunosuppressed hosts, including those failing anti-HIV therapy and in transplant recipients who develop primary CMV infection. The long-term objective of this grant is to characterize the viral mutations that confer resistance to CMV drugs in clinical use. We now have a reasonable understanding of the mutations in the CMV UL97 kinase and UL54 DNA polymerase genes that confer resistance to the licensed drugs (ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir), yet many new mutations continue to be identified. Available information is widely used for genotypic diagnosis of CMV resistance and selection of alternate therapies. A promising experimental CMV UL97 kinase inhibitor drug maribavir appears to have high potency, oral bioavailability and low toxicity in early clinical trials, and is currently undergoing Phase III trials in transplant populations. Genetic mechanisms of maribavir resistance are being studied, with mutations already identified in UL97, UL27 and elsewhere. Maribavir resistance mutations outside of UL97 are unexplained, but probably compensate for shutoff of the UL97 kinase. Further analysis should clarify the role of UL97 in viral replication and as an antiviral drug target.
The specific aims for the upcoming period are (1) determine the effects on drug resistance and viral growth of single and multiple CMV mutations observed in clinical specimens, (2) genotypic and phenotypic characterization of maribavir resistance, and (3) define the genetic mechanisms of viral adaptation to UL97 inhibition. Experimental priorities include continued improvements in recombinant phenotyping technology, validation of additional resistance mutations including those for maribavir, assessment of cross-resistance, identifying adaptive mutations outside UL97 and determining the interaction with UL97 and cellular kinases.

Public Health Relevance

CMV disease is a longstanding management problem in immunosuppressed hosts. Characterizing the viral mutations that confer resistance to existing and new antiviral drugs addresses clinically important issues, such as genotypic diagnosis of resistance, cross-resistance and the selection of alternate therapy. To deal with drug resistance and toxicity, new drugs are needed that have different mechanisms of action. Detailed understanding of the genetic mechanisms of resistance will improve the design of suitable new drug structures and antiviral targets.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI039938-15
Application #
8213643
Study Section
AIDS-associated Opportunistic Infections and Cancer Study Section (AOIC)
Program Officer
Beisel, Christopher E
Project Start
1996-05-01
Project End
2014-01-31
Budget Start
2012-02-01
Budget End
2013-01-31
Support Year
15
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$339,605
Indirect Cost
$119,082
Name
Oregon Health and Science University
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
096997515
City
Portland
State
OR
Country
United States
Zip Code
97239
Chou, Sunwen (2015) Approach to drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 28:293-9
Chou, Sunwen; Ercolani, Ronald J; Sahoo, Malaya K et al. (2014) Improved detection of emerging drug-resistant mutant cytomegalovirus subpopulations by deep sequencing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:4697-702
Webel, Rike; Hakki, Morgan; Prichard, Mark N et al. (2014) Differential properties of cytomegalovirus pUL97 kinase isoforms affect viral replication and maribavir susceptibility. J Virol 88:4776-85
Chou, Sunwen; Komazin-Meredith, Gloria; Williams, John D et al. (2014) Cytomegalovirus mutants resistant to ganciclovir and cidofovir differ in susceptibilities to synguanol and its 6-ether and 6-thioether derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:1809-12
Chou, Sunwen; Boivin, Guy; Ives, Jane et al. (2014) Phenotypic evaluation of previously uncharacterized cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase sequence variants detected in a valganciclovir treatment trial. J Infect Dis 209:1219-26
Chou, Sunwen; Ercolani, Ronald J; Marousek, Gail et al. (2013) Cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase catalytic domain mutations that confer multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:3375-9
Chou, Sunwen; Hakki, Morgan; Villano, Stephen (2012) Effects on maribavir susceptibility of cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase ATP binding region mutations detected after drug exposure in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 95:88-92
Chou, Sunwen; Marousek, Gail; Bowlin, Terry L (2012) Cyclopropavir susceptibility of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase mutants selected after antiviral drug exposure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:197-201
Goldberg, Miri D; Honigman, Alik; Weinstein, Jacob et al. (2011) Human cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase and nonkinase functions mediate viral cytoplasmic secondary envelopment. J Virol 85:3375-84
Chou, Sunwen; Bowlin, Terry L (2011) Cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations affecting cyclopropavir and ganciclovir susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:382-4

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