The early detection of invading viruses by the host depends on a limited number of intracellular receptors that sense conserved structural components of viruses and subsequently initiate signaling cascades leading to IFN-1/2 induction. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) has emerged as a key cytosolic receptor for sensing RNA viruses, including influenza virus and hepatitis C virus. In addition, tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, containing a RING domain with potential ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, represent a novel class of anti-viral molecules involved in innate immunity. On the other hand, many viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract host protective IFN-mediated anti-viral pathways. Despite the recent rapid progress in deciphering molecular components in the RIG-I signaling pathway, the regulation of its anti-viral activity has not been well studied. However, it is exactly the regulation of the host IFN production, which dictates the outcome of the viral infection and pathogenesis. Our preliminary studies have demonstrated that the interconnection between the cytosolic sensor RIG-I and a member of the TRIM family creates a potent intracellular host defense mechanism required for type I IFN induction upon viral infection. RIG-I undergoes robust Lys 63- linked ubiquitination induced by TRIM25, enabling RIG-I to interact with the CARD-containing adaptor MAVS, and thereby triggering anti-viral signal transduction to limit viral replication. The proposed study is directed toward investigating how the host innate immune system recognizes virus infection and triggers IFN responses, with a specific focus on RIG-I and TRIM25 proteins. Biochemical, cell biological and structural studies will focus on defining how posttranslational modifications affect the RIG-I signaling activity to limit viral replication (Aim 1). This study will further detail the mechanisms by which influenza A virus NS1 counteracts the RIG-I/TRIM25 signaling pathway and its role for the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in vivo (Aim 2). Insights gained from this study will not only illuminate new views on the regulatory networks of innate immunity, but also delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying host-viral interaction, thereby providing foundations for developing novel therapeutic strategies for emerging virus- associated disorders.

Public Health Relevance

Despite the recent rapid progress in deciphering the signaling pathways involved in anti- viral innate immunity, the regulation of key defense molecules has not been well studied. The proposed study will delineate the molecular mechanisms how host detects viral infections and thereby initiates intracellular signal transduction to establish IFN-mediated anti-viral status. Furthermore, this study will give detailed insights into viral immune evasion strategies, which may ultimately contribute to the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches for emerging virus-associated disorders.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI087846-04
Application #
8508177
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-IDM-P (02))
Program Officer
Hauguel, Teresa M
Project Start
2010-05-10
Project End
2015-04-30
Budget Start
2013-05-01
Budget End
2014-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$363,283
Indirect Cost
$153,898
Name
Harvard University
Department
Veterinary Sciences
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
047006379
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02115
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Chiang, Cindy; Pauli, Eva-Katharina; Biryukov, Jennifer et al. (2018) The Human Papillomavirus E6 Oncoprotein Targets USP15 and TRIM25 To Suppress RIG-I-Mediated Innate Immune Signaling. J Virol 92:
Sanchez, Jacint G; Sparrer, Konstantin M J; Chiang, Cindy et al. (2018) TRIM25 Binds RNA to Modulate Cellular Anti-viral Defense. J Mol Biol 430:5280-5293
D'Cruz, Akshay A; Kershaw, Nadia J; Hayman, Thomas J et al. (2018) Identification of a second binding site on the TRIM25 B30.2 domain. Biochem J 475:429-440
van Gent, Michiel; Sparrer, Konstantin M J; Gack, Michaela U (2018) TRIM Proteins and Their Roles in Antiviral Host Defenses. Annu Rev Virol 5:385-405
Chiang, Jessica J; Sparrer, Konstantin M J; van Gent, Michiel et al. (2018) Viral unmasking of cellular 5S rRNA pseudogene transcripts induces RIG-I-mediated immunity. Nat Immunol 19:53-62
Chiang, Cindy; Gack, Michaela U (2017) Post-translational Control of Intracellular Pathogen Sensing Pathways. Trends Immunol 38:39-52
Sparrer, Konstantin M J; Gableske, Sebastian; Zurenski, Matthew A et al. (2017) TRIM23 mediates virus-induced autophagy via activation of TBK1. Nat Microbiol 2:1543-1557
Gack, Michaela U (2017) What viruses can teach us about the human immune system. PLoS Pathog 13:e1006364
Gack, Michaela U; Diamond, Michael S (2016) Innate immune escape by Dengue and West Nile viruses. Curr Opin Virol 20:119-128

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