Development of the """"""""perfect"""""""" selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) is of paramount importance in postmenopausal women's health. The beneficial and undesirable side effects of SERMs are directly analogous to estrogens, which are known carcinogens through a mechanism involving oxidative metabolism to redox active/electrophilic quinoids. We hypothesize that the adverse effects of SERMs are also related to their oxidative metabolism to quinoids. Whether these quinoids are detrimental are unknown at this time and it is the focus of this proposal to determine the effect of structure on these mechanisms in an effort to provide crucial information leading to the development of the """"""""perfect"""""""" SERM.
The specific aims are: 1. Effect of structure on the formation and reactivity of SERM quinoids. We have shown that classical quinone methides, di-quinone methides, and o-quinones are produced from triphenylethylene, benzothiophene, and miscellaneous SERMs. We plan to examine the relative abilities of new classes of SERMs such as bazodoxifene and lasofoxifene as well as the Lilly naphthol analogs to be oxidized to quinoids. The rate of formation, type of quinoid, as well as their reactivity will be studied in subcellular fractions and Ishikawa endometrial cells. 2. What are the protein targets of SERM quinoids? In the current proposal, we plan to use the COATag methodology and """"""""click chemistry"""""""" or modified Staudinger ligation approaches to examine protein covalent modification in rat mammary subcellular fractions and Ishikawa cells. The targeted proteins will be isolated using avidin affinity chromatography, separated by 2D electrophoresis, digested, and analyzed by MALDI-TOF and LC-MS-MS. We predict that the reactivity of SERM quinoids will have a strong influence on which proteins are modified as well as sites of protein alkylation within the target proteins. 3. Do SERM quinoids modify DNA and induce cellular transformation? This aim will focus on how the type and reactivity of SERM quinoid formed will dictate the extent of DNA damage. Initial model studies with deoxynucleosides and DNA will allow characterization of stable DNA adducts, analysis of depurinating adducts, as well as determination of DNA oxidation. We will then analyze SERM-induced DNA damage in Ishikawa cell lines. Apurinic sites (AP) will be directly quantified using the aldehyde reactive probe assay and the transversions and transitions resulting from these mutagenic lesions will be detected by mismatch-capture methodology. Finally, transformation studies will be performed in MCF-10A cells and the transformed clones will be implanted into athymic nude mice to investigate their ability to induce tumor formation. These studies will elucidate the relative importance of quinoid formation and cellular targets for each SERM, thereby enabling correlations of reactivity with structure from which general principles influencing the behavior of SERM quinoids in cells will emerge.

Public Health Relevance

Development of the """"""""perfect"""""""" SERM is of paramount importance in postmenopausal women's health in order to prevent osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and hot flashes. However, some SERMs increases the risk of some cancers through formation of reactive compounds. It is the focus of this proposal to investigate these potentially carcinogenic reactive compounds in an effort to provide crucial information leading to the development of the """"""""perfect"""""""" SERM.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01CA079870-11
Application #
7883664
Study Section
Cancer Etiology Study Section (CE)
Program Officer
Blair, Donald G
Project Start
1999-01-08
Project End
2014-05-31
Budget Start
2010-06-01
Budget End
2011-05-31
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$229,909
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Illinois at Chicago
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
098987217
City
Chicago
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60612
Hemachandra, L P Madhubhani P; Patel, Hitisha; Chandrasena, R Esala P et al. (2014) SERMs attenuate estrogen-induced malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells by upregulating detoxification of oxidative metabolites. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7:505-15
Gherezghiher, Teshome B; Michalsen, Bradley; Chandrasena, R Esala P et al. (2012) The naphthol selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), LY2066948, is oxidized to an o-quinone analogous to the naphthol equine estrogen, equilenin. Chem Biol Interact 196:1-10
Michalsen, Bradley T; Gherezghiher, Teshome B; Choi, Jaewoo et al. (2012) Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene forms reactive quinones similar to estradiol. Chem Res Toxicol 25:1472-83
Qin, Zhihui; Kastrati, Irida; Ashgodom, Rezene T et al. (2009) Structural modulation of oxidative metabolism in design of improved benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators. Drug Metab Dispos 37:161-9
Yu, Bolan; Qin, Zhihui; Wijewickrama, Gihani T et al. (2009) Comparative methods for analysis of protein covalent modification by electrophilic quinoids formed from xenobiotics. Bioconjug Chem 20:728-41
Bolton, Judy L; Thatcher, Gregory R J (2008) Potential mechanisms of estrogen quinone carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol 21:93-101
Liu, Hong; Qin, Zhihui; Thatcher, Gregory R J et al. (2007) Uterine peroxidase-catalyzed formation of diquinone methides from the selective estrogen receptor modulators raloxifene and desmethylated arzoxifene. Chem Res Toxicol 20:1676-84
Yu, Bolan; Dietz, Birgit M; Dunlap, Tareisha et al. (2007) Structural modulation of reactivity/activity in design of improved benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators: induction of chemopreventive mechanisms. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2418-28
Qin, Zhihui; Kastrati, Irida; Chandrasena, R Esala P et al. (2007) Benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators with modulated oxidative activity and receptor affinity. J Med Chem 50:2682-92
Liu, Hong; Bolton, Judy L; Thatcher, Gregory R J (2006) Chemical modification modulates estrogenic activity, oxidative reactivity, and metabolic stability in 4'F-DMA, a new benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulator. Chem Res Toxicol 19:779-87

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