Tumors create a pathologic state of acquired tolerance toward their own antigens. This represents a fundamental barrier to successful immunotherapy of cancer. The tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an innate molecular mechanism of acquired tolerance in vivo. IDO has been implicated as an important contributing mechanism to tumor-induced tolerance, particularly during the clinically-relevant period when the tumor must re-establish tolerance to itself following chemotherapy. Despite its potential importance, however, the mechanisms by which IDO creates its potent immunoregulatory effects remain incompletely understood at the cellular and molecular level. During the previous period of support, successful studies using genetically-defined murine models have: (i) elucidated the identity of the novel subset of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) in tumor-draining lymph nodes that express IDO;(ii) identified the downstream molecular pathway in T cells by which IDO exerts key biologic effects, comprising the stress- kinase GCN2 and downstream transcription factor CHOP/gadd153;(iii) reported the novel discovery that IDO- expressing pDCs directly activate mature Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) for potent suppressor activity via the GCN2->CHOP pathway;and (iv) shown that, when Tregs are exposed to pro-inflammatory signals from activated effector T cells, IDO and the GCN2->CHOP pathway act to maintain Tregs in their suppressive phenotype;whereas in the absence of IDO, Tregs are converted into a T-helper phenotype indistinguishable from TH17 cells. Based on these novel findings, the current proposal addresses the hypothesis that IDO functions as a key molecular switch for Tregs in tumor-draining LNs, regulating the fundamental choice between inflammation-induced activation of Treg suppressor function, versus inflammation-induced abrogation of the Treg phenotype.
Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory signals from activated effector T cells drive Tregs into a forced choice - either to become potently suppressive, or to lose the Treg phenotype and convert to TH17-like cells - and that the outcome of this choice is dictated by IDO-mediated regulation of IL-6 production by pDCs and activation of the GCN2->CHOP pathway in Tregs.
Aim 2 will use genetically- defined mouse models to test the hypothesis that the IDO pathway is critical in regulating the balance between Treg-mediated suppression versus pro-inflammatory TH17/effector T cell activation in tumor-bearing hosts, particularly during the critical window of recovery following chemotherapy.
Aim 3 will use established B16 tumors treated with anti-tumor vaccine plus the IDO-inhibitor drug 1MT to test the hypothesis that blocking IDO allows therapeutic immunization to break tolerance to established tumors;and that the ROR?t-mediated conversion of Tregs to TH17-like cells is mechanistically required in order for this to occur. The long-term translational goal of these studies is to exploit the newly-available IDO-inhibitor drugs, now entering Phase I clinical trials, as a novel and clinically applicable strategy to block Treg activation by tumors.

Public Health Relevance

Tumors actively suppress attempts by the immune system to attack and eliminate them. The current proposal studies a novel and clinically relevant mechanistic link between two powerful immunosuppressive pathways operating in tumor-bearing hosts: the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO (indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase), and the potently suppressive regulatory T cell (Treg) system. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that link these two pathways has direct implications for the design of better clinical immunotherapy regimens in cancer.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01CA103320-09
Application #
8259826
Study Section
Cancer Immunopathology and Immunotherapy Study Section (CII)
Program Officer
Howcroft, Thomas K
Project Start
2003-07-01
Project End
2014-05-31
Budget Start
2012-06-01
Budget End
2013-05-31
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$278,861
Indirect Cost
$89,159
Name
Georgia Regents University
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
966668691
City
Augusta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30912
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Munn, David H (2018) The host protecting the tumor from the host - targeting PD?L1 expressed by host cells. J Clin Invest 128:570-572
Nayak-Kapoor, Asha; Hao, Zhonglin; Sadek, Ramses et al. (2018) Phase Ia study of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor navoximod (GDC-0919) in patients with recurrent advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 6:61
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McDonald-Hyman, Cameron; Muller, James T; Loschi, Michael et al. (2018) The vimentin intermediate filament network restrains regulatory T cell suppression of graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 128:4604-4621
Sharma, Madhav D; Rodriguez, Paulo C; Koehn, Brent H et al. (2018) Activation of p53 in Immature Myeloid Precursor Cells Controls Differentiation into Ly6c+CD103+ Monocytic Antigen-Presenting Cells in Tumors. Immunity 48:91-106.e6
Habtetsion, Tsadik; Ding, Zhi-Chun; Pi, Wenhu et al. (2018) Alteration of Tumor Metabolism by CD4+ T Cells Leads to TNF-?-Dependent Intensification of Oxidative Stress and Tumor Cell Death. Cell Metab 28:228-242.e6
Johnson, Theodore S; Mcgaha, Tracy; Munn, David H (2017) Chemo-Immunotherapy: Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Defining Immunogenic Versus Tolerogenic Cell Death in the Tumor Microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol 1036:91-104
Noonepalle, Satish K; Gu, Franklin; Lee, Eun-Joon et al. (2017) Promoter Methylation Modulates Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Induction by Activated T Cells in Human Breast Cancers. Cancer Immunol Res 5:330-344
Munn, David H; Sharma, Madhav D; Johnson, Theodore S et al. (2017) IDO, PTEN-expressing Tregs and control of antigen-presentation in the murine tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 66:1049-1058

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