Despite increased survival,1 over two-thirds of children with cancer experience late effects, such as secondary cancers, sensorimotor deficits, and neurocognitive impairment.2,3 Psychosocial late effects, particularly social isolation and victimization, difficulties forming and maintaining friendships, and emotional distress, are common for survivors of central nervous system (CNS) disease or those who receive CNS- directed therapy (e.g., cranial radiation, intrathecal chemotherapy).4-6 Unfortunately, interventions to improve outcomes have had limited success.7,8 So why don?t childhood cancer survivors have friends and feel happy? Our model posits that residual deficits in social cognition contribute to negative peer interactions and poor psychosocial outcomes in children with brain injury.10,11 However, most work has focused on adult survivors of pediatric cancer and not children diagnosed early in life (preschool). These young survivors may be at greatest risk for difficulties for several reasons. First, the peak onset of the most common pediatric cancers occurs before age 6.1 Second, their treatments have an especially harmful impact on brain development and a high rate of sensorimotor deficits.2,3 Third, children are treated up to 3 years and isolated at a critical time for social development. Fourth, parents are at risk for distress, which may impair their ability to buffer negative effects on their children.17,18 Thus, there is an urgent need to characterize psychosocial risk in children treated for early onset cancer and to evaluate the utility of our model to inform more effective, targeted interventions. Our long- term goal is to reduce morbidity and improve the well-being of children with cancer. The objective of this controlled, multi-site study is to identify predictors of friendships and emotional distress in young cancer survivors (i.e., diagnosed < age 6, >1 year off treatment). Using a rigorous matched control design, we will assess peer interactions and friendships in the elementary classrooms (i.e., grades 3-5) of 200 survivors. Individual and family functioning will be assessed during home visits with families of survivors and 200 matched classmates. We will identify deficits in social cognition and peer interactions, as well as environmental resources (e.g., parenting, school climate), that predict long-term psychosocial adjustment (i.e., friendships, distress). The rationale is that deficits in social cognition and peer interactions contribute to psychosocial risk, which could be mitigated by resources in the school and family environments.
Aim 1. Compare the long-term psychosocial adjustment of young survivors to matched peers and identify group differences in social cognition and peer interactions that may predict poor adjustment.
Aim 2. Identify specific social cognitive and peer interaction factors that account for psychosocial adjustment in young survivors.
Aim 3. Identify environmental resources that protect psychosocial adjustment in young survivors. This research is significant as it will delineate early risk and protective factors that predict long-term adaptation for young survivors and leave us in a prime position to develop interventions that will improve survivorship care and prevent long-term morbidity.
This research is highly relevant to public health because of the rapidly growing population of childhood cancer survivors and the increasing burden of late effects from therapy on survivors, families, and the healthcare system. Determining specific medical and neurocognitive late effects that increase psychosocial morbidity, as well as protective factors, will inform more effective interventions to optimize quality of life in children affected by early onset cancer. This is relevant to the part of NIH?s mission that pertains to developing fundamental knowledge that will extend human life and help to reduce the burdens of illness and disability.
