Despite the advances in understanding its genomic and molecular basis, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most commonly diagnosed solid malignancy in men in the US and the second leading cause of cancer death. Currently, the only established method to diagnose PCa is an invasive transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy. The majority (>66%) of biopsies show benign pathology at the expense of patient morbidity and healthcare dollars. There remains, therefore, an unmet need for a simple and non-invasive approach that will definitively diagnose PCa, determine if it is aggressive, indolent or benign and help guide its management. The era of molecular profiling has drawn much attention to genomic analysis of malignant PCa cells shed in blood and urine. In two such assays, the PCA3 and SelectMDx approved by FDA, urine is collected after DRE, malignant cells isolated and characterized by multiplex genomic finger prints of PCa. Although innovative, PCA3 test is not widely used, primarily due to its wide range (62%-94%) of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Furthermore, the clinical utility of SelectMDx and a frequently advocated serum 4Kscore test, remains uncertain. There is robust literature demonstrating that VPAC receptors are expressed on PCa cells. With NIH/NCI support, we designed and labeled a VPAC specific peptide with Cu-64 that allowed us to image PCa successfully in humans. We then hypothesized that PCa cells, shed in voided urine of PCa patients, without prostate stimulation by DRE, can be imaged optically by targeting VPAC receptors, using the same peptide labeled with a fluorophore. Our preliminary results of >250 de-identified urine samples, collected from patients with PCa, BPH and normal cases, are encouraging (sensitivity >98%) and are consistent with our hypothesis. In this investigation we propose to obtain critical information that will be required for the development of this promising noninvasive urine assay as a PCa diagnostic test.
Our specific aims are 1) To determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the molecular urinary assay for men with known PCa and negative controls; 2) To examine the efficacy of the assay in the management of patients with previous negative biopsy for PCa but have persistently elevated PSA and are scheduled for TRUS biopsy; 3) To establish if a) the malignant cells as a percent of total cells shed in the urine, b) the fluorescence intensity around malignant cells, and c) the VPAC protein quantity in shed malignant cells correlate with the aggressiveness of the disease; 4) To assess the role of this molecular urine assay in the management patients on active surveillance; and 5) To determine if a preservative is required for urine storage. This simple, reliable and patient-friendly uniplex assay will a) detect active, aggressive or indolent PCa, b) save patients from over diagnosis and over treatment, c) reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies and associated patient morbidity, and d) save millions of healthcare dollars.
Despite the advances in understanding of its genomic and molecular basis, prostate cancer (PCa) continues to take one human life every 18 minutes in the USA alone, demanding an unmet need for a simple, and minimally invasive approach that will definitively diagnose PCa. Our preliminary results of a novel, uniplex, molecular, urine assay on 250 blinded samples of voided urine, demonstrated >98% sensitivity for PCa detection and 100% specificity to detect benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The investigation, when successfully completed, will have a significant clinical and financial impact as it will develop a simple, affordable, patient-friendly, noninvasive assay that will save patients from over diagnosis, over treatment, minimize the number of unnecessary biopsies, reduce patient morbidity and save millions of healthcare dollars.
