Everyday acts of self-control directed at, for example, cigarettes, food, and gambling, depend, in part, on the ability to stop action. While much is known about action stopping in humans, real world self-control, as in the above examples, has a strong valuational or motivational component. Yet there is scant research on how motor stopping interacts with value/motivation. Our core hypothesis, based on preliminary data, is that motor stopping can reduce value and motivation. We will test three possible mechanisms based on our work with three kinds of stopping systems.
Our first aim i s to test how rapid stopping concurrently reduces stimulus value. We hypothesize that rapid stopping recruits a global stopping system that inhibits all currently active representations, including value. Testing this requires measuring global inhibition (with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, TMS), imaging the stopping system and value representations (with fMRI and Electrocorticography) and, above all, showing that brain regions critical for stopping are causally important for reducing value (using a novel form of Direct Electrical Stimulation, in humans).
Our second aim i s to examine how motivational stimuli, which generate action tendencies, are suppressed. Our hypothesis is that this is done by the selective stopping system that is set up according to a subject's goals in working memory and which can be triggered by the motivational stimulus itself. We will test this by measuring the temporal dynamics of motor activation and suppression with TMS, and using fMRI to examine the putative underlying fronto-striatal system.
Our third aim i s to leverage automatic stopping to reduce stimulus value and motivation. We hypothesize that repeated stopping (via training) generates stimulus stop-tag, so that when that stimulus occurs in the future it reactivates the stopping system (automatically), which then reduces stimulus value and motivation.

Public Health Relevance

These experiments will provide mechanistic insight into how stopping reduces stimulus value and motivation. This is highly relevant for understanding and treating disorders of human self-control characterized by stimulus over-valuation or excessive motivation such as substance use disorders, over-eating and pathological gambling. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Substance dependence, over-eating, gambling and many other disorders are partly related to over- valuation of stimuli or excessive motivational drive. Our hypothesis is that stimulus value and motivational drive can be reduced through the brain's motor stopping system. We will test this hypothesis using neuroscience methods in humans that can examine the activity of brain circuits for stopping and value/motivation.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA026452-08
Application #
9068057
Study Section
Cognition and Perception Study Section (CP)
Program Officer
Volman, Susan
Project Start
2009-04-01
Project End
2019-05-31
Budget Start
2016-06-01
Budget End
2017-05-31
Support Year
8
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California San Diego
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093
Wagner, Johanna; Wessel, Jan R; Ghahremani, Ayda et al. (2018) Establishing a Right Frontal Beta Signature for Stopping Action in Scalp EEG: Implications for Testing Inhibitory Control in Other Task Contexts. J Cogn Neurosci 30:107-118
Bartoli, Eleonora; Aron, Adam R; Tandon, Nitin (2018) Topography and timing of activity in right inferior frontal cortex and anterior insula for stopping movement. Hum Brain Mapp 39:189-203
Moore 4th, Bartlett D; Aron, Adam R; Tandon, Nitin (2018) Closed-loop intracranial stimulation alters movement timing in humans. Brain Stimul 11:886-895
Wessel, Jan R; Aron, Adam R (2017) On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition. Neuron 93:259-280
Aron, Adam R; Herz, Damian M; Brown, Peter et al. (2016) Frontosubthalamic Circuits for Control of Action and Cognition. J Neurosci 36:11489-11495
Wessel, Jan R; Jenkinson, Ned; Brittain, John-Stuart et al. (2016) Surprise disrupts cognition via a fronto-basal ganglia suppressive mechanism. Nat Commun 7:11195
Freeman, Scott M; Itthipuripat, Sirawaj; Aron, Adam R (2016) High Working Memory Load Increases Intracortical Inhibition in Primary Motor Cortex and Diminishes the Motor Affordance Effect. J Neurosci 36:5544-55
Freeman, Scott M; Aron, Adam R (2016) Withholding a Reward-driven Action: Studies of the Rise and Fall of Motor Activation and the Effect of Cognitive Depletion. J Cogn Neurosci 28:237-51
Wessel, Jan R; Tonnesen, Alexandra L; Aron, Adam R (2015) Stimulus devaluation induced by action stopping is greater for explicit value representations. Front Psychol 6:1640
Majid, D S Adnan; Lewis, Christina; Aron, Adam R (2015) Training voluntary motor suppression with real-time feedback of motor evoked potentials. J Neurophysiol 113:3446-52

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