The majority of Parkinson?s disease (PD) cases are not caused by an inherited monogenic mutation and disease etiology involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies show that pesticide exposure, particularly to organochlorine pesticides such as dieldrin, increases risk of sporadic PD. In a model of increased PD susceptibility, mice exposed to dieldrin during development show male-specific increased susceptibility to adult exposure to the dopaminergic toxicant MPTP and, in new data from our NIEHS-funded R21, ?-synuclein (?-syn) preformed fibrils (PFFs). The epigenome is a potential mediator of this relationship between developmental exposures, increased neuronal vulnerability, and adult disease. In line with this idea, we recently identified sex-specific differential methylation patterns in response to developmental dieldrin exposure. We hypothesize that dieldrin-induced epigenetic modifications during development cause changes in gene expression and phenotype that persist into adulthood, altering the sensitivity to parkinsonian insults and contributing to the development of PD. To test this hypothesis, we will determine cell-type specific DNA modifications and expression profiles of previously identified candidate genes in the dieldrin model (Aim 1); analyze the function of synaptic terminals in our novel dieldrin/PFF two-hit model (Aim 2); and determine if dieldrin or altered expression of candidate genes affects susceptibility to ?-syn PFFs in a dopaminergic neuron cell culture model (Aim 3). The long-term goal of these experiments is to determine whether dieldrin-associated differentially methylated genes play a functional role in the biological response to parkinsonian toxicity. Completion of these aims will further the mission of NIEHS to increase our understanding of how the environment affects people in order to promote healthier lives, with a specific project goal of connecting exposures with functional changes in gene expression, neuronal phenotype, and PD susceptibility. The experiments proposed here will help to establish a biological mechanism linking developmental exposure to late life disease. This project will also expand our repertoire of tools for interrogating the function of epigenetic changes by establishing an in vitro experimental paradigm to connect specific epigenetic mechanisms with parkinsonian toxicity. With our in vivo model that combines developmental exposure with adult PFF injections, we will have a set of experimental systems in place that will allow us to test a wide variety of exposures, as well as combinations of exposures, both in vivo and in vitro. Together, this suite of tools will enable us to explore the mechanisms by which PD- related exposures alter neuronal vulnerability in PD, furthering the goal of NIEHS to understand how combined exposures affect disease pathogenesis and individual susceptibility.
Non-familial Parkinson?s disease is thought to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The experiments proposed here will enhance our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the well-documented epidemiological link between exposure to environmental toxicants and risk of Parkinson?s disease.
