The RNA editing ADAR enzymes convert adenosines to inosines in RNA. This phenomenon is widespread with thousands of A to I sites known in human transcripts. Since inosine is decoded as guanosine during translation, this modification can lead to changes in the meaning of codons (recoding). There are at least 50 different A to I sites in human mRNAs that cause recoding and recoding is common in the nervous system. Indeed, ADARs are necessary for a properly functioning nervous system and are known to regulate behavior in metazoans. Mutations in the human ADAR1 gene cause the skin disorder Dyschromatosis Symmetrica Hereditaria (DSH) and the autoimmune disease Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS). Also, ADAR1 upregulation and hyper editing has been observed in several different cancers. Despite the significance of this form of regulation of RNA structure and function, our understanding of the mechanism of A to I editing is incomplete. For instance, the selectivity for specific adenosines by different ADARs remains difficult to fully explain. Furthermore, pharmacological methods for controlling RNA editing do not currently exist. In addition, given ADARs? ability to change RNA sequence, there is growing interest in harnessing this property and redirecting it to correct disease-associated G-to-A mutations. However, current strategies for directed A to I editing are not sufficiently selective or efficient. In this competitive renewal of an R01 project, we will address these knowledge gaps through the application of nucleic acid chemistry coupled with techniques from structural biology and biochemistry. The results of these studies will extend our basic understanding of the process of RNA editing as well as lead to new methods for its control. We will stabilize ADAR-RNA complexes using RNA bearing nucleoside analogs and solve their structures by X-ray crystallography in collaboration with Prof. Andrew Fisher. The studies proposed for the next funding period extend this fruitful collaboration to include a fragment of human ADAR2 comprising the deaminase domain and a double stranded RNA-binding domain 2 (dsRBD2) as well as full length human ADAR2. In addition, advances in our ability to obtain high concentrations of highly pure human ADAR1 deaminase domain enable crystallography with this protein and its RNA complexes to be carried out by us in the next funding period. A novel screen is proposed for the discovery of complementary mutant ADAR/modified guide RNA combinations for efficient directed editing applications. In addition, selections will be carried out to discover new guide strand modifications that facilitate ADAR editing. Finally, experiments are proposed to discover low molecular weight inhibitors of ADAR activity. !

Public Health Relevance

RNA editing catalyzed by the ADAR enzymes is a form of control of gene expression that is perturbed in a variety of human diseases including Aicardi-Goutierres Syndrome (AGS), epilepsy, depression and cancer. The proposed studies will extend our basic understanding of the process of RNA editing as well as lead to new methods for its control.!

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01GM061115-18
Application #
9817509
Study Section
Synthetic and Biological Chemistry A Study Section (SBCA)
Program Officer
Barski, Oleg
Project Start
2001-03-01
Project End
2023-07-31
Budget Start
2019-08-01
Budget End
2020-07-31
Support Year
18
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California Davis
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
047120084
City
Davis
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
95618
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Jora, Manasses; Burns, Andrew P; Ross, Robert L et al. (2018) Differentiating Positional Isomers of Nucleoside Modifications by Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (HCD MS). J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 29:1745-1756
Onizuka, Kazumitsu; Hazemi, Madoka E; Thomas, Justin M et al. (2017) Synthesis of native-like crosslinked duplex RNA and study of its properties. Bioorg Med Chem 25:2191-2199
Thomas, Justin M; Beal, Peter A (2017) How do ADARs bind RNA? New protein-RNA structures illuminate substrate recognition by the RNA editing ADARs. Bioessays 39:
Zheng, Yuxuan; Lorenzo, Claire; Beal, Peter A (2017) DNA editing in DNA/RNA hybrids by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 45:3369-3377
Fisher, Andrew J; Beal, Peter A (2017) Effects of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome mutations predicted from ADAR-RNA structures. RNA Biol 14:164-170
Wang, Yuru; Beal, Peter A (2016) Probing RNA recognition by human ADAR2 using a high-throughput mutagenesis method. Nucleic Acids Res 44:9872-9880
Matthews, Melissa M; Thomas, Justin M; Zheng, Yuxuan et al. (2016) Structures of human ADAR2 bound to dsRNA reveal base-flipping mechanism and basis for site selectivity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 23:426-33
Kuhn, Claus-D; Wilusz, Jeremy E; Zheng, Yuxuan et al. (2015) On-enzyme refolding permits small RNA and tRNA surveillance by the CCA-adding enzyme. Cell 160:644-658

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