MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 22-nt RNAs that pair to the mRNAs of plant and animal cells, primarily in their 3'untranslated regions (3'UTRs), to direct the posttranscriptional repression o these messages. More than 500 miRNA genes have been identified in humans, and because most human genes have been under selective pressure to maintain their pairing to miRNAs, it is no surprise that miRNAs have already been shown to play important roles in mammalian development and human disease, including viral infection and cancer. This proposal focuses on the regulatory targets and repressive effects of miRNAs, with the broad, long-term objective of understanding the roles of RNA in regulating gene expression. With recent advances in miRNA genomics, the ability to place miRNAs into gene regulatory networks is limited less by unknown miRNAs and more by unknown 3'UTRs, particularly the alternative 3'UTR isoforms found in some cells but not others.
The specific aims of this proposal are: 1) to identify 3'UTRs of flies and vertebrates, 2) to identify additional mRNA and cellular features that influence miRNA targeting specificity, and 3) to determine the diversity and temporal sequence of miRNA repressive effects. Experiments of Aim #1 will use a newly developed high-throughput method both to characterize 3'UTRs of flies, zebrafish, and mammalian cell lines and to learn how 3'UTR isoforms change during development and cell-cycle arrest. They will also identify long noncoding RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans, flies, and vertebrates. Experiments of Aim #2 will determine the degree to which poly(A)-tail length, mRNA stability and cellular features influence the efficacy of miRNA targeting. These results and those of Aim #1 will be used to provide a more precise and comprehensive list of predicted miRNA targets-a resource for all biologists, and of particular value for those concerned with eukaryotic gene regulation, development, and disease. Experiments of Aim #3 will determine the extent to which miRNA-mediated repression can be discerned from reduced transcript levels. They also will determine, on a global scale, the earliest detectable molecular consequences of targeting. Knowing which genes each miRNA represses and the molecular consequences of this repression will be useful for determining additional biological functions of miRNAs and learning how their dysfunction can contribute to disease.

Public Health Relevance

The experiments of this proposal focus on short snippets of RNA called microRNAs, which can collaborate with the proteins of the cell to determine how much protein is produced from individual genes, including many genes implicated in cancer and other diseases. The goals are to learn how best to predict which genes the microRNAs regulate and to determine the series of molecular events that reduces protein output from each regulated gene. Achieving these goals will shed light on why microRNAs are needed for normal growth and development, and how their dysfunction can contribute to human diseases.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM067031-11
Application #
8638016
Study Section
Genomics, Computational Biology and Technology Study Section (GCAT)
Program Officer
Bender, Michael T
Project Start
2002-09-03
Project End
2016-03-31
Budget Start
2014-04-01
Budget End
2015-03-31
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$712,940
Indirect Cost
$347,330
Name
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Department
Type
DUNS #
120989983
City
Cambridge
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02142
Agarwal, Vikram; Subtelny, Alexander O; Thiru, Prathapan et al. (2018) Predicting microRNA targeting efficacy in Drosophila. Genome Biol 19:152
Denzler, Rémy; McGeary, Sean E; Title, Alexandra C et al. (2016) Impact of MicroRNA Levels, Target-Site Complementarity, and Cooperativity on Competing Endogenous RNA-Regulated Gene Expression. Mol Cell 64:565-579
Eichhorn, Stephen W; Subtelny, Alexander O; Kronja, Iva et al. (2016) mRNA poly(A)-tail changes specified by deadenylation broadly reshape translation in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos. Elife 5:
Wong, Siew Fen Lisa; Agarwal, Vikram; Mansfield, Jennifer H et al. (2015) Independent regulation of vertebral number and vertebral identity by microRNA-196 paralogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:E4884-93
Fang, Wenwen; Bartel, David P (2015) The Menu of Features that Define Primary MicroRNAs and Enable De Novo Design of MicroRNA Genes. Mol Cell 60:131-45
Agarwal, Vikram; Bell, George W; Nam, Jin-Wu et al. (2015) Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs. Elife 4:
Hezroni, Hadas; Koppstein, David; Schwartz, Matthew G et al. (2015) Principles of long noncoding RNA evolution derived from direct comparison of transcriptomes in 17 species. Cell Rep 11:1110-22
Kronja, Iva; Yuan, Bingbing; Eichhorn, Stephen W et al. (2014) Widespread changes in the posttranscriptional landscape at the Drosophila oocyte-to-embryo transition. Cell Rep 7:1495-1508
Subtelny, Alexander O; Eichhorn, Stephen W; Chen, Grace R et al. (2014) Poly(A)-tail profiling reveals an embryonic switch in translational control. Nature 508:66-71
Guo, Junjie U; Agarwal, Vikram; Guo, Huili et al. (2014) Expanded identification and characterization of mammalian circular RNAs. Genome Biol 15:409

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