Throughout history, placebo effects have been variously considered as tricks played upon the gullible by medical practitioners and powerful but mysterious healing forces. With the advent of direct measurements of human brain function, modern science has shown that placebo effects are neither of these. Rather, they reflect the principled impact of psychological and brain processes on diseases of the brain and body. Placebo effects represent an opportunity-because they provide a window into internal brain processes that influence health- and a challenge, because dozens of clinical trials have now failed to show the superiority of commonly prescribed drugs to placebo, at great cost to health care providers and consumers. This may not be due to the ineffectiveness of the medications, but rather seems to be related to high placebo response rates. Studies of the brain mechanisms underlying placebo effects can provide valuable insight into how the brain actively anticipates, responds to, and learns about active treatments, and the effects of these processes on pain and other aspects of health. In the previous period of this grant, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of placebo and opiate drug effects was instrumental in establishing that placebo treatments impact the neurobiology of pain, including effects on the cortical and subcortical brain regions most closely associated with pain experience. The research also provided some of the first evidence on the interactions in the brain that give rise to placebo effects, and demonstrated the involvement of prefrontal cortical-subcortical-brainstem systems and the endogenous opioid system. The view that emerged is that placebo treatments engage brain systems related to both conceptual thought (explicit beliefs) and learning processes that change the value assigned to treatment cues and pain itself. In this Renewal application, we build on this foundation to address some of the many unanswered questions that need to be addressed before placebo effects are understood, harnessed in therapy, and separated cleanly from drug effects in clinical trials and practice. These include fundamental questions about a) the nature of the """"""""pain-related"""""""" processes regulated by placebos (are they specific to pain, or general affective processes?) and b) the critical conditions required to create placebo analgesia. Our working hypothesis is that conceptual and learning processes interact, and that both are critical. Learning systems fundamentally shape the motivational value of pain and modulate nociception in subcortical-brainstem systems, and conceptual processes are needed to attribute perceived benefits to the placebo treatment and engage learning. To better understand these systems, we bring to bear new computational machine-learning tools that can identify and test placebo effects on patterns of brain activity specific to pain. We also test the involvement of several neurochemical systems-opioids, dopamine, and oxytocin-and their relationships with specific brain and psychological aspects of the placebo response-generation process.

Public Health Relevance

Though placebo treatments are pharmacologically inert, placebo responses are active neurobiological processes related to the meaning of the treatment and what has been learned about it. Studying them provides a way of understanding the roles of emotion and learning in clinical treatment effects. This project studies the brain mechanisms that underlie placebo analgesia from a multidisciplinary, neural systems-oriented view. It integrates new advances in functional neuroimaging with manipulations of placebo treatment, pharmacology, and hormones to address several fundamental questions about a) the nature of brain processes influenced by placebo treatment, and b) the critical factors underlying the genesis of robust physiological placebo effects.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH076136-07
Application #
8608002
Study Section
Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Emotion, Stress and Health Study Section (MESH)
Program Officer
Meinecke, Douglas L
Project Start
2005-12-01
Project End
2017-11-30
Budget Start
2013-12-01
Budget End
2014-11-30
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$585,155
Indirect Cost
$181,433
Name
University of Colorado at Boulder
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
007431505
City
Boulder
State
CO
Country
United States
Zip Code
80309
Shackman, Alexander J; Wager, Tor D (2018) Introduction to the special issue on functional neuroimaging of the emotional brain. Neurosci Lett :
Kragel, Philip A; Koban, Leonie; Barrett, Lisa Feldman et al. (2018) Representation, Pattern Information, and Brain Signatures: From Neurons to Neuroimaging. Neuron 99:257-273
Shackman, Alexander J; Wager, Tor D (2018) The emotional brain: Fundamental questions and strategies for future research. Neurosci Lett :
Kragel, Philip A; Kano, Michiko; Van Oudenhove, Lukas et al. (2018) Generalizable representations of pain, cognitive control, and negative emotion in medial frontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 21:283-289
Schafer, Scott M; Geuter, Stephan; Wager, Tor D (2018) Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: A dual-process model informed by insights from cross-species comparisons. Prog Neurobiol 160:101-122
Koban, Leonie; Kusko, Daniel; Wager, Tor D (2018) Generalization of learned pain modulation depends on explicit learning. Acta Psychol (Amst) 184:75-84
Koban, Leonie; Jepma, Marieke; Geuter, Stephan et al. (2017) What's in a word? How instructions, suggestions, and social information change pain and emotion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 81:29-42
Woo, Choong-Wan; Schmidt, Liane; Krishnan, Anjali et al. (2017) Quantifying cerebral contributions to pain beyond nociception. Nat Commun 8:14211
Koban, Leonie; Kross, Ethan; Woo, Choong-Wan et al. (2017) Frontal-Brainstem Pathways Mediating Placebo Effects on Social Rejection. J Neurosci 37:3621-3631
Woo, Choong-Wan; Chang, Luke J; Lindquist, Martin A et al. (2017) Building better biomarkers: brain models in translational neuroimaging. Nat Neurosci 20:365-377

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