We propose three aims to study the effects over two years of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) relative to orthopedic injury (OI) in children on: (1) change in cognitive control and motivation, including different forms of inhibition, working memory, flexible allocation of cognitive resources, and response to incentives; (2) change in social cognition, including processing of emotional expression and intentionality; (3) change in cognitive control and social cognition in relation to change in outcome domains of executive functioning in everyday activities, academic achievement, and psychosocial adjustment. We also propose to study change in cognitive control and social cognition in relation to age at injury, TBI severity, brain regional volumes, and brain lesion volumes measured from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at 3 and 18 months post injury. We would evaluate the moderating effects of family environment (socioeconomic level, stressors and social resources) and control for the effects of preinjury trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms. Children age 7-16 years who sustain a moderate to severe TBI (n=92) or OI (n=92) would be studied at baseline (within 1 month post injury) and followed-up at 3, 12, 18, and 24 months post injury. Cognitive control tasks include the Flanker (interference and no-go), Sternberg Item Recognition (interference and working memory), stop signal (stopping a response), selective learning switching and expository discourse (selectivity in learning items belonging to highly rewarded categories), a modified Iowa Gambling Task, and a prospective memory task with an extrinsic reward manipulation. Social cognition is evaluated by processing facial and prosodic emotional expression and intentionality is assessed by differentiating real from apparent emotion and interpreting the movements of animated figures. Brain regional volumes would be measured by manual tracing and segmentation of gray and white matter for: (1) frontal subregions including lateral, ventromedial, and superior medial regions; (2) amygdala; (3) superior temporal gyrus; and, (4) whole brain. We will also analyze the effects of focal lesion volume and depth in these regions. Outcome measures would be the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement, the Brief Behavior Inventory of Executive Function, the Behavior Assessment System for Children, and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Statistical analysis of the hypotheses would use general linear mixed models.
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| Max, Jeffrey E; Lopez, Aholibama; Wilde, Elisabeth A et al. (2015) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents in the second six months after traumatic brain injury. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 8:345-55 |
| Max, Jeffrey E; Wilde, Elisabeth A; Bigler, Erin D et al. (2015) Personality Change Due to Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents: Neurocognitive Correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 27:272-9 |
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| Lipszyc, Jonathan; Levin, Harvey; Hanten, Gerri et al. (2014) Frontal white matter damage impairs response inhibition in children following traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 29:289-99 |
| Ornstein, Tisha J; Sagar, Sanya; Schachar, Russell J et al. (2014) Neuropsychological performance of youth with secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 6- and 12-months after traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 20:971-81 |
| Rabinowitz, Amanda R; Li, Xiaoqi; Levin, Harvey S (2014) Sport and nonsport etiologies of mild traumatic brain injury: similarities and differences. Annu Rev Psychol 65:301-31 |
| Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia; Lotze, Timothy; Jamal, Leila et al. (2013) Mutations in VRK1 associated with complex motor and sensory axonal neuropathy plus microcephaly. JAMA Neurol 70:1491-8 |
| Ornstein, Tisha J; Max, Jeffrey E; Schachar, Russell et al. (2013) Response inhibition in children with and without ADHD after traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychol 7:1-11 |
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