Inborn errors of immunity comprise over 300 distinct disorders. Among these are an expanding number of monogenic auto-inflammatory disorders, characterized by sterile inflammation systemically or in specific organs. This proposal stems from the identification of a child who appears to have a novel autoinflammatory disease characterized by inflammatory skin disease and associated with increased type I interferon production but without recurrent fever. This patient has compound heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding ?T- catenin: CTNNA3. The ?-catenins are actin-binding proteins that interact with cadherins to mediate cell-cell adhesion and tissue organization. Different mutations in CTNNA3 are linked with a specific cardiac disease in humans, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, but this child does not have cardiac disease. Importantly, there are no prior associations of mutations in CTNNA3 with inflammatory skin disease. Here we seek to understand how this patient?s mutant ?T-catenin drives skin inflammation and increased type I interferon production. Our preliminary data demonstrate that ?T-catenin is highly expressed in sebaceous glands in healthy human skin. The skin serves as a barrier between an organism and the surrounding environment. Hair follicles breach this anatomic barrier and provide a potential portal of entry for pathogens; they are thus a site of much immunologic activity. Anatomically associated with hair follicles, sebaceous glands secrete lipids that contribute to skin barrier function and serve as nutrients for commensal microbiota. Sebaceous glands also produce antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines to modulate skin immunity. Mice lacking sebaceous glands develop a phenotype similar to this patient. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that ?T-catenin is critical for normal sebaceous gland function. Further, we propose that this patient?s CTNNA3 mutations disrupt ?T-catenin function, altering sebaceous gland activity and culminating in inflammatory skin disease. We will first determine how this patient?s CTNNA3 mutations affect the fundamental biology of ?T- catenin, its association with binding proteins, and its subcellular localization. Next we will characterize how the mutant ?T-catenin affects sebaceous gland structure and function, using a combination of patient skin biopsy samples and cultured human sebaceous gland cells (sebocytes). Finally, we will test the hypothesis that the increased type I interferon signature in this patient stems either from a direct effect on skin cells or indirectly through effects of altered sebaceous gland activity on the skin flora. The proposed studies will allow us to characterize a novel autoinflammatory skin disease and the first human disease associated with reduced sebaceous gland function; they may also provide insight to improve treatment of this patient?s skin disease. Additionally, we will gain new knowledge of how the skin and its appendages (e.g. sebaceous glands) interface with the environment, the immune system, and commensals to provide sophisticated barrier immunity.
In the skin, hair follicle-associated structures such as sebaceous glands are immunologically active, normally serving to prevent infection and to support the colonization of the skin by beneficial bacteria. We have identified a patient with a novel inflammatory skin disease and mutations in a gene encoding a protein expressed in sebaceous glands -- the first such disease in a human. This project seeks to understand how these mutations disrupt the normal function of this protein and of sebaceous glands to drive skin inflammation.
