Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are among the most important carcinogens in tobacco products. Extensive analytical studies, carried out in the U.S. and internationally, clearly document the presence in tobacco products of substantial quantities of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), as well as several related compounds. The carcinogenic activities of NNK and NNN in laboratory animals are well-established. These data, together with considerable biochemical evidence from studies with rodent and human tissues, support the prominent role of tobacco-specific nitrosamines as major causative factors for a number of tobacco-related cancers including lung, oral cavity, esophagus, and pancreas. Metabolism and DNA adduct formation are critical factors in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis by NNK, its major metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and NNN. Our goal is to understand these processes and use this knowledge as a basis for developing practical strategies for prevention of tobacco-induced cancer. Our overall hypothesis is that cancer susceptibility relates to carcinogen dose as well as the balance between carcinogen metabolic activation and detoxification.
Our specific aims are: 1. Carry out a comprehensive analysis, using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, of DNA adduct formation and persistence in rats chronically treated with NNK, NNAL, and NNN, and extend these studies to humans. This research builds on our recent structural characterization of pyridyloxobutyl DNA adducts of NNK and NNAL. 2. Determine the levels and persistence of formaldehyde-derived cross-linked and hydroxymethyl DNA adducts in rats treated with NNK, NNAL, and N-nitrosodimethylamine. We have recently shown, for the first time, that the metabolic activation of N-nitrosomethyl carcinogens leads to formation of these formaldehyde-DNA adducts in vitro. 3. Develop methods to determine the balance of metabolic activation and detoxification of NNK in humans. This is critical to an understanding of NNK metabolism as an indicator of cancer susceptibility. 4. Assess the endogenous formation of NNK in smokers, snuff-dippers, and people who use nicotine replacement therapy.
This aim extends our observation that 2'-hydroxylation of nicotine leads directly to the precursor of NNK. 5. Develop mass spectrometry methods to analyze nicotine, cotinine, and total NNAL in human toenails, as a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. Better biomarkers of chronic tobacco smoke exposure are needed, particularly for studies of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and cancer. The results of these studies will provide exciting new data on mechanisms of nitrosamine carcinogenesis in laboratory animals and humans, and will lead to practical methods to test the hypothesis that human uptake, metabolic activation and detoxification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines are related to cancer susceptibility in humans.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
2R37CA081301-06
Application #
6724324
Study Section
Chemical Pathology Study Section (CPA)
Program Officer
Poland, Alan P
Project Start
1999-04-01
Project End
2009-02-28
Budget Start
2004-03-18
Budget End
2005-02-28
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2004
Total Cost
$462,212
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Department
Pathology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
555917996
City
Minneapolis
State
MN
Country
United States
Zip Code
55455
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Kovi, Ramesh C; Johnson, Charles S; Balbo, Silvia et al. (2018) Metastasis to the F344 Rat Pancreas from Lung Cancer Induced by 4-(Methylnitrosamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Enantiomers of Its Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)- 1-butanol, Constituents of Tobacco Products. Toxicol Pathol 46:184-192
Carlson, Erik S; Upadhyaya, Pramod; Hecht, Stephen S (2017) A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s. J Vis Exp :
Hecht, Stephen S (2017) Oral Cell DNA Adducts as Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Susceptibility in Cigarette Smokers. Chem Res Toxicol 30:367-375
Hecht, Stephen S; Stepanov, Irina; Carmella, Steven G (2016) Exposure and Metabolic Activation Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines. Acc Chem Res 49:106-14
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Ma, Bin; Villalta, Peter W; Zarth, Adam T et al. (2015) Comprehensive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Analysis of DNA Phosphate Adducts Formed by the Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Chem Res Toxicol 28:2151-9
Kotandeniya, Delshanee; Carmella, Steven G; Ming, Xun et al. (2015) Combined analysis of the tobacco metabolites cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in human urine. Anal Chem 87:1514-7
Zabala, Valerie; Tong, Ming; Yu, Rosa et al. (2015) Potential contributions of the tobacco nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis in a chronic plus binge rat model of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 50:118-31

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