Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition featuring acute onset of non- cardiogenic respiratory failure and hypoxemia. Consequently, patients with ARDS have severe hypoxemia due to a significant impairment of gas exchange, and the goal of supportive therapy is to prevent critical tissue hypoxia, which can cause acute cardiac arrest and death, or have long-term neurologic consequences for survivors. ARDS affects almost 200,000 individuals annually in the US, leading to >3.5 million hospital days and nearly 75,000 deaths. Despite developments in our understanding of protective ventilation strategies and modern advanced life support techniques, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), mortality associated with ARDS remains unacceptably high and has not improved appreciably in two decades. Indeed, the mainstay of supportive therapy in the ICU includes improving arterial oxygen (O2) saturation by introducing supplemental O2 and supporting respiration with mechanical ventilation, but there are limits to the capacity of such measures to benefit patients. In fact, exposure to a high fraction of O2 may actually increase risk for mortality in critically ill patients. Similarly, excessive distention from mechanical ventilation can exacerbate acute lung injury, although the goal of protective lung ventilation is simply to offer mechanical support without inducing harm. Hence, maximal therapy with supplemental O2 and mechanical ventilation is often not sufficient to sustain life until the lungs recover. We propose a novel, paradigm shifting therapeutic strategy using a small molecule drug to enhance supportive care measures and potentially limit the morbidity and mortality of ARDS. Our therapeutic candidate, TD-7, a synthetic analog of the natural aromatic aldehyde vanillin, is a highly potent, short acting allosteric modifier of hemoglobin (Hb) that increases the capacity of Hb to bind and transport O2 by stabilizing its quaternary structure in a high O2-affinity state. This pharmacologic effect can improve the margin of safety by increasing O2 saturation at critical PO2 levels and prevent acute desaturation events without requiring more invasive mechanical ventilation or additional supplemental O2. This intervention also has the potential to delay or even prevent the need for emergent ECMO. Importantly, preliminary evidence for this approach demonstrates that improvements in arterial O2 saturation with high Hb O2 affinity do not compromise tissue O2 unloading and, instead, effectively reduce tissue hypoxia during an ARDS insult. While preliminary studies establish aromatic aldehyde-containing compounds, such as TD-7, as a promising clinical approach to ARDS, our ultimate goal is to provide definitive evidence of efficacy in a high fidelity porcine ARDS model to support advancement of this drug candidate to human clinical trials. This will be achieved in a step-wise approach: first, with the optimization of intravenous formulation and delivery of TD-7 to achieve targeted in vivo pharmacodynamic effects (?dose- finding?) in mini-pigs in Phase I, and subsequently, with the performance of a definitive efficacy study to assess oxygenation and prevention of tissue hypoxia in a porcine ARDS model in Phase II.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition that can result in acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia due to a significant impairment of gas exchange. ARDS affects approximately 200,000 individuals annually in the US, and, despite medical advances in the understanding of protective ventilation strategies and modern life support techniques, leads to nearly 75,000 deaths, with an unacceptably high mortality rate that has not improved in two decades. We propose the development of a novel aromatic aldehyde-containing drug candidate, TD-7, which can increase the capacity of hemoglobin to bind and transport oxygen, and therefore improve the margin of safety for ARDS patients without requiring more invasive mechanical ventilation or additional supplemental oxygen, and hopefully also delay or prevent the need for advanced life support techniques, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
