The Development of a Rectal Enema as Microbicide (DREAM) Program addresses the critical need to develop a highly effective, safe, and more behaviorally-congruent alternative for the prevention of rectal HIV infection. The overall goal of the program is to develop a single dose pericoital enema to deliver a tenofovir (TFV) prodrug capable of providing one week of HIV protection. This strategy (1) builds upon proven high levels of efficacy of TFV-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adherent persons, (2) directly targets adherence as the greatest weakness of PrEP regimens, and (3) employs an array of innovative tools which we have refined in two prior U19 IPCP rectal microbicide programs. Given the common practice of rectal douching with an enema prior to receptive anal sex, we selected the enema as a dosing strategy requiring little behavioral change compared to oral and other topical approaches. Rectal delivery also reduces systemic exposure compared to oral and injectable approaches. We plan pharmacokinetic enhancements to (1) increase TFV bioavailability to colon tissue CD4+ cells by optimizing one of three competing TFV prodrugs with far greater tissue and cellular uptake than TFV itself - TFV disoproxil fumarate, TFV alafenamide fumarate, and CMX157 - and (2) explore sustained product release. Beyond the primary goal of producing a single PrEP enema candidate, two secondary themes are intrinsic to the success of this program as indicated in goals 2 and 3 below. The Program integrates four projects (Pre-Clinical, Tissue modeling, Clinical, IND-enabling) and three cores (Administrative, Regulatory, and Analytical) to achieve the overarching Program Goals: Goal 1: Develop a rectally-applied, HIV preventive TFV prodrug enema using a competitive pipeline process reducing multiple candidates through mouse, macaque, and pre-phase I human studies. Goal 2: Develop data-driven dosing recommendations for non-human primate to human studies (allometric scaling) based on both multi-compartment pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral pharmacodynamics. Goal 3: Build models enabling clinical trial simulation based on actual TFV target tissue (and other compartment) concentrations integrated with viral dynamic models to enhance future study design/efficiency.

Public Health Relevance

A safe, effective HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis strategy with high levels of adherence is urgently needed to protect men and women at highest risk of HIV infection from anal sex, where transmission risk per sex act far exceeds that of cervical-vaginal transmission. We propose development of an enhanced TFV prodrug enema to take advantage of common enema use associated with anal sex and the proven efficacy of TFV. Project 1: Clinical Optimization of a Tenofovir Enema and Adherence Tracking Project Leader: Craig Hendrix DESCRIPTION: The Development of a Rectal Enema As Microbicide (DREAM) Program addresses the critical need to develop a highly effective, safe, and acceptable microbicide enema with the promise of greater adherence as a more behaviorally-transparent alternative for the prevention of rectal HIV infection. The overall goal of the program is to develop a single dose rectal enema to deliver a tenofovir (TFV) prodrug capable of providing one week of protection. This strategy builds upon proven high levels of efficacy of TFV-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adherent persons and directly targets the greatest weakness of PrEP regimens - prophylactic failure due to poor adherence. Given the common practice of rectal douching with an enema prior to receptive anal sex, we have selected a dosing strategy which requires little or no behavioral change compared to other oral and topical approaches. Topical delivery also significantly reduces systemic exposure compared to oral and injectable approaches. We propose pharmacokinetic enhancements to increase TFV bioavailability and provide sustained release. Three TFV prodrugs with far greater tissue and cellular uptake than TFV itself - TFV disoproxil fumarate, TFV alafenamide fumarate (TAF, formerly GS7340), and CMX157 - have been selected for study. Integrated with 3 other projects and 3 cores in the DREAM Program, Project 1 involves a series of clinical studies to achieve the following specific aims: Aim 1: Determine the combination of TFV dose and enema tonicity best able to achieve our colon tissue target drug concentrations. Aim 2: Compare TFV enema dosing before and after to recommend dose timing and the impact of semen on tissue drug concentrations. Aim 3: Evaluate the use of biomarkers for both enema dosing and sexual activity to provide objective evidence of adherence to protocol prescribed dosing. Aim 4: Provide clinical samples (plasma, PBMC, colon tissue/cells, rectal fluid) to support method development and assay validation in Project 2, Project 3, and Core C.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Program--Cooperative Agreements (U19)
Project #
1U19AI113127-01
Application #
8768691
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1)
Program Officer
Turpin, Jim A
Project Start
2014-07-01
Project End
2019-06-30
Budget Start
2014-07-01
Budget End
2015-06-30
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21218
Carballo-Dieguez, Alex; Giguere, Rebecca; Lentz, Cody et al. (2018) Rectal Douching Practices Associated with Anal Intercourse: Implications for the Development of a Behaviorally Congruent HIV-Prevention Rectal Microbicide Douche. AIDS Behav :
Xiao, Peng; Gumber, Sanjeev; Marzinke, Mark A et al. (2018) Hypo-osmolar Formulation of Tenofovir (TFV) Enema Promotes Uptake and Metabolism of TFV in Tissues, Leading to Prevention of SHIV/SIV Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:
Aung, Wutyi S; Bakshi, Rahul P; Breakey, Jennifer et al. (2018) Fecal Coliform Bacterial Detection to Assess Enema Adherence in HIV Prevention Clinical Studies. AIDS Behav :
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Pines, H A; Strathdee, S A; Hendrix, C W et al. (2018) Oral and vaginal HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis product attribute preferences among female sex workers in the Mexico-US border region. Int J STD AIDS :956462418793038
Pines, Heather A; Semple, Shirley J; Strathdee, Steffanie A et al. (2018) Vaginal washing and lubrication among female sex workers in the Mexico-US border region: implications for the development of vaginal PrEP for HIV prevention. BMC Public Health 18:1009

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