Much of the recent work in the neurobiology of emotion has divided emotion into two categories of positive and negative emotion. Positive emotion is associated with approach behavior, while negative emotion is associated with avoidance. We have sought to characterize the neural substrates of approach and active avoidance behavior. Comparative studies have implicated a ventral forebrain dopaminergic path in approach behavior.
We aim ed primarily to verify activation of these areas in monetarily rewarded approach in humans and to determine if active avoidance behavior would elicit different patterns of activation Twelve healthy right-handed males (age 20-40) participated in 10- minuteapproach and active avoidance tasks in counterbalanced order. During the approach task, subjects pressed a button in response to a target which followed either a reward cue (On condition) or a neutral cue (motor controlled Off condition), ISI ~ 5.5 s. If subjects responded before the reward target disappeared, they won $1.00, whereas their response to the neutral target did not affect their total. During the active avoidance task, subjects were given $20.00 and responded to targets that followed either a punishment cue or a neutral cue. If they failed to respond before the disappearance of the punishment target, they lost $1.00, whereas their response to the neutral target again did not affect their total. 200T2*-weighted gradient echoplanar MR volumes depicting BOLD-contrast were acquired using a 1.5 Tesla GE Signa System. The volume consistedof 10 slices spanning the corpus callosum (voxel size; 3.8 X 3.8 X 7.0 mm,TR: 3000 ms). After correcting for in- plane motion, individual voxel activations were correlated with an ideal waveform corresponding to the expected activation time course using AFNI. The ideal waveform consisted of the task On-Off waveform convoluted with the hemodynamic response function. Significant voxels (r > .30, p < .0001) were highlighted on the functional images. For the approach task, significant activation was observed in the mesial prefrontal cortex, striatum, dorsomedial thalamus, right insula, and motor cortex. For the active avoidance task, a similar but more robust pattern of activation was observed. Relative to approach, active avoidance elicited increased the volume of brain activated in all subjects. As predicted, monetarily rewarded approach elicited activation in ventral medial areas (including the striatum and thalamus), as well as more dorsal medial regions (i.e., mesial prefrontal cortex). Monetarily punished active avoidance appeared to elicit eve greater activation in these areas, as well as cingulate areas. These data provide the first neural corroboration of the psychological phenomenon of loss aversion, since subjects had a greater neural response to loss than to an equivalent expected gain. In a second experiment, we sought to distinguish brain activity associated with anticipation of incentives from brain activity associated with responding for incentives. Analysis of FMRI data collected from 8 females indicated activation of more rostral parts of this circuitry during anticipation of incentives (i.e., caudate, putamen, mesial prefrontal cortex) versus more caudal aspects of this circuitry during response for incentives (i.e., thalamus, supplementary motor area, premotor area). These results suggest that rostral midline paralimbic circuitry plays a prominent role in the anticipation of reward and punishment. - neurosciences, alcoholism, emotion, affect, MRI - Human Subjects
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