A major effort in the laboratory is devoted to understanding dystonia. Our fundamental view is that there is a deficiency of inhibition in central nervous system mechanisms in dystonia. Specifically, an important type of defective inhibition is surround inhibition, where muscles and movements not desired for the task need to be inhibited. Lack of inhibition leads to motor overflow and action dystonia. We are trying to identify the specific inhibitory circuit that contributes to surround inhibition. Studies are first done in normal subjects and then in patients. We have investigated a variety of inhibitory mechanisms already, and we are now engaged in understanding the premotor to motor cortex interactions and parietal to motor cortex interactions in focal hand dystonia. A specific project is ongoing to study the pathophysiology of the co-contraction that commonly characterizes dystonic movement. We are also exploring the physiology of motor learning in dystonia. Motor learning seems disturbed, and seems to have a principal role in producing focal hand dystonia since long term repetitive activity is certainly an etiological factor. In one type of experiment, we have been evaluating brain and spinal cord plasticity using brain and nerve stimulation paradigms. We are also conducting a case-control experimental study to evaluate long-term learning of sequential finger movements in focal hand dystonia patients. In order to study task specificity, we are engaged in some fMRI studies with various tasks and various limb effectors. We should hopefully identify which regions of brain are specific for a task, and then to see how this would malfunction in dystonia. Our first attempt with this will be to study handwriting and patients with writers cramp. To gather further evidence for abnormalities in dystonia we are also exploring evidence for anatomical changes and for a deficiency of GABA-ergic mechanism. We are doing MRI studies with voxel based morphometry (VBM), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), GABA magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), anatomical imaging at 7 tesla, flumazenil PET studies and pathological studies of brains of patients with focal dystonias. The genetic markers in focal dystonia are largely unknown. Currently, we are evaluating patients with all forms of focal dystonia (blepharospasm, cranial dystonia, cervical dystonia, focal hand dystonia and spasmodic dysphonia) to look for a genetic marker. The study involves large families with focal dystonia and individuals without a family history. We have collaborators in the NIA for the genetics work. We will be cooperating with the multisite NIH sponsored Dystonia Coalition for further work in this area. We are also exploring further the physiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Although fatigue is one of the most common symptom in PD, its characteristics and etiology are largely unknown because it is a subjective, complicated symptom hard to evaluate. With objective measurement, we have completed a study of the clinical features and the beneficial effect of levodopa and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. We are carrying out a project on the pathophysiology of gait freezing.
| Ramos, Vesper Fe Marie Llaneza; Srivanitchapoom, Prachaya; Thirugnanasambandam, Nivethida et al. (2018) Failed Attempt With Paired Associative Stimulation to Separate Functional and Organic Dystonia. Mov Disord 33:495-497 |
| Hallett, Mark (2018) Patients with Parkinson disease are prone to functional neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:557 |
| Ni, Zhen; Kim, Sang Jin; Phielipp, Nicolas et al. (2018) Pallidal deep brain stimulation modulates cortical excitability and plasticity. Ann Neurol 83:352-362 |
| Du, G; Zhuang, P; Hallett, M et al. (2018) Properties of oscillatory neuronal activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus in patients with Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 7:17 |
| Gallea, Cecile; Herath, Priyantha; Voon, Valerie et al. (2018) Loss of inhibition in sensorimotor networks in focal hand dystonia. Neuroimage Clin 17:90-97 |
| Mente, Karin; Edwards, Nancy A; Urbano, Demelio et al. (2018) Pedunculopontine Nucleus Cholinergic Deficiency in Cervical Dystonia. Mov Disord 33:827-834 |
| Hallett, Mark (2018) The rise of movement disorders. Neurol India 66:S10-S11 |
| Ni, Zhen; Hallett, Mark; Chen, Robert (2018) Reply to ""Corticopallidal connectivity: Lessons from patients with dystonia"". Ann Neurol : |
| Fasano, Alfonso; Geroin, Christian; Berardelli, Alfredo et al. (2018) Diagnostic criteria for camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: A consensus-based proposal. Parkinsonism Relat Disord : |
| Margraf, Nils G; Wolke, Robin; Granert, Oliver et al. (2018) Consensus for the measurement of the camptocormia angle in the standing patient. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 52:1-5 |
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