Neurons contact each other mostly by synaptic transmission at synapses. The maintenance of synaptic transmission relies on vesicle endocytosis, which recycles fused vesicles for the second round of exocytosis. My goal is to improve our understanding on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytosis, which are the building block for the maintenance of synaptic transmission and thus the signaling process of the nervous system. Our progress in the last year is described below. 1. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that regulates synaptic function and plasticity and plays important roles in neuronal development, survival, and brain disorders. Despite such diverse and important roles, how BDNF, or more generally speaking, neurotrophins affect synapses, particularly nerve terminals, remains unclear. By measuring calcium currents and membrane capacitance during depolarization at a large mammalian central nerve terminal, the rat calyx of Held, we report for the first time that BDNF inhibits slow and rapid endocytosis, and inhibits vesicle mobilization to the readily releasable pool. These presynaptic mechanisms may contribute to the important roles of BDNF in regulating synapses and neuronal circuits and suggest that regulation of presynaptic calcium channels, exocytosis, and endocytosis are potential mechanisms by which neurotrophins achieve diverse neuronal functions. 2. Local Ca(2+) signals (Ca(2+) sparks) play an important role in multiple cellular functions in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Protein kinase Cϵ is known to downregulate ASMC Ca(2+) sparks and contraction; however, no complementary phosphatase has been shown to produce opposite effects. Here, we for the first time report that treatment with a specific calcineurin (CaN) autoinhibitory peptide (CAIP) to block CaN activity decreases, whereas application of nickel to activate CaN increases, Ca(2+) sparks in both the presence and absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Treatment with xestospogin-C to eliminate functional inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors does not prevent CAIP from inhibiting local Ca(2+) signaling. However, high ryanodine treatment almost completely blocks spark formation and prevents the nickel-mediated increase in sparks. Unlike CAIP, the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor endothall has no effect. Local Ca(2+) signaling is lower in CaN catalytic subunit Aα gene knockout (CaN-alpha;(-/-)) mouse ASMCs. The effects of CAIP and nickel are completely lost in CaN-alpha;(-/-) ASMCs. Neither CAIP nor nickel produces an effect on Ca(2+) sparks in type 1 ryanodine receptor heterozygous knockout (RyR1(-/+)) mouse ASMCs. However, their effects are not altered in RyR2(-/+) or RyR3(-/-) mouse ASMCs. CaN inhibition decreases methacholine-induced contraction in isolated RyR1(+/+) but not RyR1(-/+) mouse tracheal rings. Supportively, muscarinic contractile responses are also reduced in CaN-alpha;(-/+) mouse tracheal rings. Taken together, these results provide novel evidence that CaN regulates ASMC Ca(2+) sparks specifically through RyR1, which plays an important role in the control of Ca(2+) signaling and contraction in ASMCs.

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7
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2015
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Shin, Wonchul; Ge, Lihao; Arpino, Gianvito et al. (2018) Visualization of Membrane Pore in Live Cells Reveals a Dynamic-Pore Theory Governing Fusion and Endocytosis. Cell 173:934-945.e12
Wu, Xin-Sheng; Elias, Sharon; Liu, Huisheng et al. (2017) Membrane Tension Inhibits Rapid and Slow Endocytosis in Secretory Cells. Biophys J 113:2406-2414
Wen, Peter J; Grenklo, Staffan; Arpino, Gianvito et al. (2016) Actin dynamics provides membrane tension to merge fusing vesicles into the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 7:12604
Wu, Xin-Sheng; Lee, Sung Hoon; Sheng, Jiansong et al. (2016) Actin Is Crucial for All Kinetically Distinguishable Forms of Endocytosis at Synapses. Neuron 92:1020-1035
Zhao, Wei-Dong; Hamid, Edaeni; Shin, Wonchul et al. (2016) Hemi-fused structure mediates and controls fusion and fission in live cells. Nature 534:548-52
Baydyuk, Maryna; Xu, Jianhua; Wu, Ling-Gang (2016) The calyx of Held in the auditory system: Structure, function, and development. Hear Res 338:22-31
Xu, Jianhua; Wu, Xin-Sheng; Sheng, Jiansong et al. (2016) ?-Synuclein Mutation Inhibits Endocytosis at Mammalian Central Nerve Terminals. J Neurosci 36:4408-14
Park, Soonhong; Ahuja, Malini; Kim, Min Seuk et al. (2016) Fusion of lysosomes with secretory organelles leads to uncontrolled exocytosis in the lysosomal storage disease mucolipidosis type IV. EMBO Rep 17:266-78
Peng, Shiyong; Xu, Jianhua; Pelkey, Kenneth A et al. (2015) Suppression of agrin-22 production and synaptic dysfunction in Cln1 (-/-) mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2:1085-104
Baydyuk, Maryna; Wu, Xin-Sheng; He, Liming et al. (2015) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits calcium channel activation, exocytosis, and endocytosis at a central nerve terminal. J Neurosci 35:4676-82

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