9713544 Petrenko The fundamental nature of the adhesion of ice to metallic surfaces will be studied. Experimental data for tensile and shear adhesion strengths will be correlated with the nano- scale properties and structure of the ice surface and the ice/metal interface, as determined by using nano- tribological techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and other high resolution surface and sub-surface materials probes. Results will also be correlated with the properties of the liquid-like layer on the surface of the ice, such as its thickness, electric charge and charge gradient, and its capillary pressure. The effects of applied electrical fields will be evaluated. The basic knowledge generated should contribute to the purposeful development of ice- phobic coatings. ***
