This proposal focuses on interactions between ponderosa pine and four species that feed upon it. These include the Abert squirrel, the porcupine, the dwarf-mistletoe and the bark beetle. All four species feed on pine phloem, thereby causing severe loss of vigor and mortality in this pine. We test the hypothesis that each species selects different ponderosa pine phenotypes. Results will provide a clearer understanding of the complex consequences of multi-species interactions natural communities. In addition, they will allow forest managers throughout the western USA to better protect these commercially important forests from damage by these species.
