9316918 Showers PI and team will continue to conduct high-precision stable- isotope analyses of dinosaur bones, as well as tests for diagenesis, in order to determine paleophysiology and migratory habits of dinosaurs. This phase of the project will focus on two Permian pelycosaurs, a Jurassic stegasaur and sauropod, and a Cretaceous therapod (tyrannosaur). In order to evaluate bone isotope patterns, skeletal elements of a modern ostrich and a modern elephant will also be examined.