This State-of-the-Art survey award will provide partial support for Dr. Subhash C. Goel, of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, to visit Japan to do an in-depth critical survey of Japanese use of steel reinforcement for seismic upgrading and strengthening of existing concrete buildings. Dr. Goel will spend a month of his sabbatical leave at the Building Research Institute in Tsukuba, reviewing relevant Japanese literature and visiting related Japanese research institutions.