The overall objective of this research project is to develop improved amperometric biosensors based on new polymeric electron relay systems, which can electrically couple flavoenzyme molecules to a conventional electrode surface. By using the proposed method of facilitating electron transfer from the enzyme to the electrode, along with novel enzyme immobilization techniques, the Principal Investigators (PIs) suggest that it will be possible to make amperometric biosensors for a large number of clinically and industrially important molecules. These sensors should be highly stable in both continuous operation and multiple-use applications.