This research utilizes three different, but complementary, approaches to extend the understanding of standardization processes and outcomes: theoretical modelling, case studies, and cross-sectional data analysis. The theoretical projects are: (1) An examination of the effect of translator devices or "gateway" technologies on standardization. This work examines the extent to which translators can ameliorate inefficiencies in the standardization process, as well as whether translators might give rise to new problems. (2) An analysis of the efficiency of the timing of de facto standardization by the "market". (3) An investigation of conflict resolution and information sharing within voluntary standards committees. The case studies will focus on the role of dominant firms in standard setting, the role of committees in conflict resolution versus coordination, and the timing of adoption. Five case studies are undertaken, mostly drawn from the information processing industries. The econometric projects include the measurement of benefits arising from the dramatic standardization of railroad gauges in the U.S. in 1885, and the measurement of network externalities for VCR's by collecting data on adoption rates in small U.S. towns.***
