Energy conservation is achieved by reducing the inertia or resistance to acceleration of the moveable parts, particularly those parts that are required to change velocity rapidly. One way to minimize inertia is the redistribution of mass of an oscillating component such that the center of mass is closer to the pivot. This may be unimportant for parts that move slowly, but is highly significant for parts that must change velocity rapidly. Perhaps the finest natural example of this structural design is that of the avian wing. Surprisingly, very few experimental investigations have focused on the internal control and biomechanics of this highly derived and evolutionarily successful locomotor system. And despite variations in flight styles it appears that selection pressures act to retain the basic design of the avian forelimb among the various species. This research project will explore specific evolutionary adaptations responsible for the success of the avian locomotor system. The interpretation of the results will be viewed with the understanding that historical tetrapod limb design imposed constraints on forelimb flight mechanics while pressures of physiological optimization drive the existing system toward maximum efficiency.
