The study will involve the use of oxygen and carbon isotopes of foraminifera to reconstruct the history of climates, polar ice sheets, and oceanic conditions during the last few million years of Earth's history. The research will focus on the role of Antarctic climates in causing oceanographic changes that have resulted in evolutionary changes in the microfauna and microflora. The research will have an impact on the understanding of past and future carbon dioxide changes in the Earth's atmosphere.