Facial symmetry is a universal measure of human facial attractiveness. This trait evolves under intense sexual selection as a signal of robust physical health and genetic quality in potential mates. In spite of this, deviations from perfect facial symmetry are extremely common in the human population. Craniofacial (CF) asymmetries manifest themselves in both soft- and hard-tissues of the head, and demonstrate a spectrum of severity from subclinical to severe. Abnormal asymmetries can cause impaired dental function (e.g., cross bite), altered esthetic appearance, ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, and breathing impairments threatening survival of affected children. Clinical diagnosis and treatments are advanced, however very little is known of the genetic, molecular and developmental aberrations that underlie CF asymmetries. Highly invasive surgical intervention and reconstruction are often required to correct asymmetries at delicate life stages. Therefore, an improved understanding of the regulators of abnormal asymmetry will enable earlier therapeutic corrective options and identify risk loci for prenatal diagnosis. Abnormal asymmetries are difficult to study in humans or traditional model systems owing to their unpredictability, random appearance along the left-right (L/R) axis, and variable penetrance. We will utilize a powerful natural system (Astyanax mexicanus) consisting of conspecific cave- and surface-dwelling fish separated by >1My of evolution. Like humans, cavefish harbor random and variably penetrant CF asymmetries under genetic control. Despite their randomness, certain forms of CF asymmetry are exceedingly common in cavefish, rendering them a powerful tool for investigation. This unique natural experiment enables direct comparison between asymmetric (cave) morphs and perfectly symmetric (surface) morphs to uncover the precise genetic, molecular and developmental differences causing and accompanying asymmetry. We hypothesize breakage of L/R symmetry reflects departures from normal symmetric gene expression across the L/R axis. We anticipate that L/R alterations in cranial neural crest cell development, specifically at the differentiation stage of osteogenic precursors, prefigure L/R asymmetries in derived cranial tissues. Finally, we predict that unilateral manipulation of bmp4 and/or tgfb3 signaling will recapitulate asymmetric abnormalities in a normally symmetric organism. The PI has an established record of quantitative genetic analyses using this system, was awarded preliminary funding through the NIDCR which laid the groundwork for the proposed studies, has significant training in the field of developmental genetics, has a substantial record of productivity/publishing in non-traditional model system research, and is a collaborator on the Astyanax Genome Sequencing Project. Each of these components will help ensure the success of the proposed studies. Future work will connect transcriptomic variation to tissue level alterations (apoptosis, progenitor specification), determine how genetic changes impact cellular/developmental asymmetries, and inform how genetic changes influence transcriptional effects causing L/R asymmetries.

Public Health Relevance

Countless abnormalities affecting the human craniofacial skeleton arise on one side of the face but not the other. This project seeks to understand the molecular and developmental underpinnings of these left-right asymmetries using a powerful natural system that models several critical aspects of human craniofacial asymmetry. This work has enormous potential to reveal novel insights to this common public health issue, and is therefore relevant to the fundamental goals of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DE025033-05
Application #
9634054
Study Section
Skeletal Biology Development and Disease Study Section (SBDD)
Program Officer
Stein, Kathryn K
Project Start
2015-03-01
Project End
2021-02-28
Budget Start
2019-03-01
Budget End
2021-02-28
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Cincinnati
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
041064767
City
Cincinnati
State
OH
Country
United States
Zip Code
45221
Powers, Amanda K; Kaplan, Shane A; Boggs, Tyler E et al. (2018) Facial bone fragmentation in blind cavefish arises through two unusual ossification processes. Sci Rep 8:7015
Carlson, Brian M; Gross, Joshua B (2018) Characterization and comparison of activity profiles exhibited by the cave and surface morphotypes of the blind Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 208:114-129
Gross, Joshua B; Weagley, James; Stahl, Bethany A et al. (2018) A local duplication of the Melanocortin receptor 1 locus in Astyanax. Genome 61:254-265
Carlson, Brian M; Klingler, Ian B; Meyer, Bradley J et al. (2018) Genetic analysis reveals candidate genes for activity QTL in the blind Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus. PeerJ 6:e5189
Powers, Amanda K; Boggs, Tyler E; Gross, Joshua B (2018) Canal neuromast position prefigures developmental patterning of the suborbital bone series in Astyanax cave- and surface-dwelling fish. Dev Biol 441:252-261
Powers, Amanda K; Davis, Erin M; Kaplan, Shane A et al. (2017) Cranial asymmetry arises later in the life history of the blind Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. PLoS One 12:e0177419
Lyon, Anastasia; Powers, Amanda K; Gross, Joshua B et al. (2017) Two - three loci control scleral ossicle formation via epistasis in the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus. PLoS One 12:e0171061
Stahl, Bethany A; Gross, Joshua B (2017) A Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Development in Two Astyanax Cavefish Populations. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 328:515-532
Gross, Joshua B; Gangidine, Andrew; Schafer, Rachel E (2016) Undergraduates Learn Evolution Through Teaching Kindergartners About Blind Mexican Cavefish. CourseSource 3:1-13
Gross, Joshua B; Stahl, Bethany A; Powers, Amanda K et al. (2016) Natural bone fragmentation in the blind cave-dwelling fish, Astyanax mexicanus: candidate gene identification through integrative comparative genomics. Evol Dev 18:7-18

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