Abstract: The brain is not only a remarkable computational organ - capable of feats that stymie the best computers and robots - it is the generator of our thoughts and actions. Yet modern systems neuroscience has principally asked how the brain transforms inputs into outputs. This approach has deep historical roots: both Descartes and Sherrington saw the nervous system as a massively elaborated reflex. The approach also produced critical early successes: the descriptions by Mountcastle, Hubel, and Wiesel, of how sensory stimuli drive single- neuron responses. Yet the brain is clearly more than a glorified input-output device. The neural networks within it do not just respond reflexively to external stimuli, they also generate their ow activity. In doing so they produce thoughts, plans, decisions and actions. As the study of such processes becomes increasingly central to systems neuroscience, we will need to become increasingly concerned with internal neural dynamics: how neural circuitry shapes and generates the responses that allow us to act upon the world. We will become less interested in how individual neurons reflect external stimuli. We will become much more interested in the dynamics of how neural activity sustains and shapes itself over time. I believe this rising interes in internal neural dynamics will drive large changes in the conceptual, analytical, and experimental paradigms employed by systems neuroscience. The first changes will focus on collecting, visualizing, and analyzing data that can reveal underlying dynamics: how the state of the neural circuit at one point in time leads lawfully to the state of the neural circuit at the net point in time. The focus will then shift to designing experiments that most effectively probe dynamics. Such experiments will borrow techniques from the physical sciences and from engineering, but will initially be based on the traditional behavioral paradigm of systems neuroscience in which animals are trained to produce tightly-controlled behavior. However, I believe the traditional experimental framework will give way to a new one. Instead of indirectly influencing neural activity by operantly conditioning behavior, we will directly monitor and operantly condition the internally generated neural activity itself. This methodology will be built upon the technical platform recently developed in the service of neuro-motor prostheses, but will serve a basic scientific purpose: it will give the experimenter unprecedented control over the system they are trying to understand, and allow stringent tests of hypotheses regarding dynamics. My goal is to help build this emerging paradigm. A subsequent but equal goal is to leverage our growing understanding of neural dynamics. I believe that we should be able to develop a new class of neural prosthetic device that uses the dynamic patterns of motor cortex activity to drive artificial locomotion. I believe this is both the best way to demonstrate that ou hard-won knowledge of dynamics is meaningful, and that it may be one of the most effective ways to develop a neuro-motor prosthesis that will help significant numbers of people. Public Health Relevance: The proposed research aims to improve our understanding of how the brain generates patterns of activity, including those patterns of activity that allow us to mov our limbs and to walk. We propose to leverage that knowledge to build a proof-of-concept neural prosthetic that allows direct neural control of locomotion, something that could greatly improve the live the hundreds of thousands of tetra- and quadriplegics. The proposed research is also of relevance to the many diseases where the ability to generate normally patterned neural activity is lost: most obviously motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and potentially cognitive disorders as well.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research aims to improve our understanding of how the brain generates patterns of activity, including those patterns of activity that allow us to mov our limbs and to walk. We propose to leverage that knowledge to build a proof-of-concept neural prosthetic that allows direct neural control of locomotion, something that could greatly improve the live the hundreds of thousands of tetra- and quadriplegics. The proposed research is also of relevance to the many diseases where the ability to generate normally patterned neural activity is lost: most obviously motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and potentially cognitive disorders as well.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
NIH Director’s New Innovator Awards (DP2)
Project #
3DP2NS083037-01S1
Application #
8605350
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZGM1-NDIA-C (01))
Program Officer
Chen, Daofen
Project Start
2012-09-30
Project End
2017-08-31
Budget Start
2012-09-30
Budget End
2017-08-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$89,600
Indirect Cost
$33,600
Name
Columbia University
Department
Neurosciences
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
621889815
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10032
Lara, Antonio H; Elsayed, Gamaleldin F; Zimnik, Andrew J et al. (2018) Conservation of preparatory neural events in monkey motor cortex regardless of how movement is initiated. Elife 7:
Russo, Abigail A; Bittner, Sean R; Perkins, Sean M et al. (2018) Motor Cortex Embeds Muscle-like Commands in an Untangled Population Response. Neuron 97:953-966.e8
Lara, A H; Cunningham, J P; Churchland, M M (2018) Different population dynamics in the supplementary motor area and motor cortex during reaching. Nat Commun 9:2754
Miri, Andrew; Warriner, Claire L; Seely, Jeffrey S et al. (2017) Behaviorally Selective Engagement of Short-Latency Effector Pathways by Motor Cortex. Neuron 95:683-696.e11
Elsayed, Gamaleldin F; Lara, Antonio H; Kaufman, Matthew T et al. (2016) Reorganization between preparatory and movement population responses in motor cortex. Nat Commun 7:13239
Seely, Jeffrey S; Kaufman, Matthew T; Ryu, Stephen I et al. (2016) Tensor Analysis Reveals Distinct Population Structure that Parallels the Different Computational Roles of Areas M1 and V1. PLoS Comput Biol 12:e1005164
Kaufman, Matthew T; Seely, Jeffrey S; Sussillo, David et al. (2016) The Largest Response Component in the Motor Cortex Reflects Movement Timing but Not Movement Type. eNeuro 3:
Sussillo, David; Churchland, Mark M; Kaufman, Matthew T et al. (2015) A neural network that finds a naturalistic solution for the production of muscle activity. Nat Neurosci 18:1025-33
Churchland, Mark M; Cunningham, John P (2014) A Dynamical Basis Set for Generating Reaches. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 79:67-80