Preliminary Data shows increased IL-23 protein levels in human colon biopsies positive for C. difficile toxins compared to negative controls (p=0.008). Using two distinct murine models, mice lacking IL-23 signaling had a significant increase in survival (100% n=12) when compared to control mice (16.7-50%, n=12). Additionally, infected mice lacking IL-23 signaling did not induce the downstream cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 as infected wildtype mice do, indicating either or both cytokines may be involved in contributing to IL-23 dependent pathology during C. difficile infection (CDI). Approach: We propose to examine the mechanisms by which the IL-23 signal mediates pathogenesis during CDI using a murine model. Infected IL-23 mAb treated WT mice will be compared to IgG isotype WT mice. We first plan to elucidate whether IL-23 drives pathology by failing to clear bacteria, or through the ability to enhance inflammation and epithelial tissue destruction. This will be done by counting colony-forming units (CFU) of C. difficile in stool and scoring colon tissue histology, as well as measuring LPS and FITC-Dextran levels in serum. We will also analyze differences in immune cell recruitment, with an emphasis on neutrophils, through flow cytometry, in order to access the contribution of the host response to disease severity. We will establish effector cells responsible for receiving the IL-23 signal via the use of infected and uninfected IL-23R- GFP labeled heterozygote mice. Lastly, we will use flow cytometry to establish pathogenic downstream cytokines being produced in an IL-23 dependent manner during disease. We will neutralize each cytokine (starting with the most likely contributors to pathology IL-22 and IL-17) to determine their contribution to pathology. In order to correlate this work to human disease, we will individually stain C. difficile positive and negative human biopsies for each downstream cytokine shown to be important and evaluate protein expression. Significance: C. difficile is currently the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the US and, despite therapy, is the cause of approximately 14,000 deaths annually. This stresses the need to better understand mechanisms of disease severity and develop alternate therapies to treat disease. This work is innovative, as it aims to identify a novel pathway by which the host response contributes to disease severity during CDI. Successful completion of these studies will establish a complete mechanism by which IL-23 signaling acts in a pathogenic manner during CDI, identifying potential host-based targets for drug intervention.

Public Health Relevance

Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is currently the leading cause of nosocomial infections in the United States. Despite therapy, infection results in approximately 14,000 deaths per year, stressing the need for more effective treatments. It is hypothesized that the severity of disease is associated with the intensity of the immune response. The proposed work will investigate how the cytokine IL-23 functions in a pathogenic manner during disease, with a goal of developing a host-based therapy for better disease management.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Predoctoral Individual National Research Service Award (F31)
Project #
1F31AI114203-01
Application #
8784806
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Adger-Johnson, Diane S
Project Start
2014-09-01
Project End
2017-08-31
Budget Start
2014-09-01
Budget End
2015-08-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Virginia
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Charlottesville
State
VA
Country
United States
Zip Code
22904
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Buonomo, Erica L; Cowardin, Carrie A; Wilson, Madeline G et al. (2016) Microbiota-Regulated IL-25 Increases Eosinophil Number to Provide Protection during Clostridium difficile Infection. Cell Rep 16:432-443
Buonomo, Erica L; Petri Jr, William A (2016) The microbiota and immune response during Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 41:79-84
Buonomo, Erica L; Petri Jr, William A (2015) The Bug Stops Here: Innate Lymphoid Cells in Clostridium difficile Infection. Cell Host Microbe 18:5-6
Naylor, Caitlin; Burgess, Stacey; Madan, Rajat et al. (2014) Leptin receptor mutation results in defective neutrophil recruitment to the colon during Entamoeba histolytica infection. MBio 5: