Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive dysfunction and progressive neurodegeneration. Hallmarks of AD pathology include accumulation of A?-containing plaques, formation of neurofibrillary tangles and synaptic dysfunction. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, play a protective role by reducing A? load. However, cytokines and free radicals released from hyperactivated microglia cause neuronal damage. Injured neurons facilitate their own demise by sending out distress signals to microglia. This proposal takes a close look at the molecular events in neurons exposed to activated microglia by in vitro and in vivo studies. Altered signaling pathways and orchestrated gene expression patterns in neurons are known to play significant roles in causing AD pathology. In this model, transcription factors provide a crucial link between signaling pathways and gene expression. Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), a nuclear transcription factor, enhances cognition, memory formation and neuronal survival. CREB is known to be downregulated in the AD brain. However, therapeutically targeting CREB is a challenge because of its broad spectrum actions. Transcription factors are directed to appropriate promoters in a context and cell-type dependent manner by upstream signals. We have characterized the growth factor-stimulated signaling pathways that activate CREB and the mechanism through which oxidative stress interferes with CREB function in cultured neurons. In a recent study with AD post-mortem samples and Alzheimer's transgenic mice, we identified the decrease of hippocampal CREB expression by A?-generated oxidative stress as a late event. But the decrease in CREB content is preceded by persistent downregulation of CREB function. The following two critical findings from our preliminary studies suggest that inflammation, an early event in the progression of AD, interferes with CREB function. (i) CREB-regulated BDNF expression in human neuroprogenitor cell (NPC)- derived neurons was decreased by conditioned medium from A?-activated human microglia. (ii) Restoration of CREB function protected neurons cocultured with A?-activated microglia. Protective and neurodegenerative pathways of inflammation can be delineated at the transcriptional level. Inflammation-mediated CREB dysregulation takes place at the following sites: (i) Cytokines and reactive oxygen species decrease CREB phosphorylation/activation. (ii) Inflammation activates c-jun, STAT-1 and NF-?B, the transcriptions factors that compete with CREB for the limited pool of coactivators, CBP and p300. (iii) Inflammation can direct CREB to pathways other than those needed for neuronal function. (iv) Proteins produced in response to inflammation functionally antagonize CREB target proteins that promote neuronal survival. Our hypothesis is that the pathogenic component of chronic neuroinflammation, acting synergistically with oxidative stress, downregulates CREB-mediated transcription of neuroprotective genes in the AD brain. This hypothesis will be tested in human neuroprogenitor cell derived-neurons, cocultured with microglia and in a triple transgenic Alzheimer's mice using novel methodologies including laser capture microdissection, network motif-based analysis and design-based stereology with the following Specific Aims:
Aim 1. To determine the mechanism of CREB downregulation in cultured human neuroprogenitor cell-derived neurons exposed to A?-activated microglia and astrocytes.
Aim 2. To identify neuronal CREB downregulation as a pathogenic component of neuroinflammation in triple transgenic Alzheimer's (3XTg-AD) mouse brain: Therapeutic strategies can target transcription factors and their network for profound beneficial effects. Our lab has 15 years of experience and the expertise to examine CREB function in the context of parallel activation of competing transcription factors during inflammation and oxidative stress.

Public Health Relevance

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deterioration of cognition and memory and it affects more than 35 million people worldwide. Among psychiatric patients over the age of 65, 7% are served by VA Medical centers. Among 21.8 million Veterans in 2010, 9 million were 65 years of age and above. The proposed study focuses on CREB, a protein needed for memory formation and survival of neurons in the brain. The function of CREB is known to be affected in the AD brain but the mechanism involved is not known. This study will determine how inflammation in the Alzheimer's brain interferes with the normal functioning of CREB. Novel methodologies will be employed with cultured human brain neurons exposed to neurotoxins, known to accumulate in the Alzheimer's brain. A mouse model that mimics the features of AD will be also used. Findings from this study will advance our understanding of this complex disease so that effective new drugs can be developed to cure this devastating disease that is causing a huge burden to our health care system.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Veterans Affairs (VA)
Type
Non-HHS Research Projects (I01)
Project #
1I01BX001837-01A2
Application #
8544701
Study Section
Neurobiology D (NURD)
Project Start
2013-04-01
Project End
2017-03-31
Budget Start
2013-04-01
Budget End
2014-03-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System
Department
Type
DUNS #
003252830
City
Denver
State
CO
Country
United States
Zip Code
80220
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Pugazhenthi, Subbiah; Qin, LiMei; Bouchard, Ron (2015) Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition in diabetic rats leads to activation of the transcription factor CREB in ?-cells. Eur J Pharmacol 755:42-9
Geary, Kate; Knaub, Leslie A; Schauer, Irene E et al. (2014) Targeting mitochondria to restore failed adaptation to exercise in diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans 42:231-8
Bouchard, Ron; Chong, Thomas; Pugazhenthi, Subbiah (2013) Laser capture microdissection of neurons from differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells in culture. J Vis Exp :e50487
Pugazhenthi, Subbiah; Zhang, Yuji; Bouchard, Ron et al. (2013) Induction of an inflammatory loop by interleukin-1? and tumor necrosis factor-? involves NF-kB and STAT-1 in differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells. PLoS One 8:e69585
Velmurugan, Kalpana; Bouchard, Ron; Mahaffey, Gregory et al. (2012) Neuroprotective actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 in differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells. J Neurochem 123:919-31