Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic debilitating disease that is characterized by high titers of autoantibodies with specificity for nuclear autoantigens. It is considered to arise from interactions between underlying genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, with different combinations resulting in inter- individual variations in disease manifestations and therapeutic responsiveness. Directed therapeutic targeting of specific pathways has not proven effective, which suggests that the current understanding of pathogenesis is incomplete. The goal of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis that the survival of immature autoreactive B cells, the preferential development of antinuclear autoreactive B cells and the status of mature autoreactive B cells (immunocompetent vs. anergic/tolerogenic) is decided during the transitional stage 1 (T1) of development and requires constitutive T1 B cell expression of interferon ? (IFN?). This paradigm shifting hypothesis is based on data generated using a combination of mixed-bone marrow chimeras, flow cytometry with tetramer or idiotype antibody selection, and high-throughput single-cell analysis to interrogate type I interferon (IFN) networks in B cell from patients with SLE and lupus-prone BXD2 mice. The data suggest that the currently known molecular and cellular aberrations are preceded by a single primary pathogenic event, i.e., production of IFN? by T1 B cells. The data suggest that the survival of the very early T1 cells is dependent on endogenous expression of IFN?. This subset of T1 B cells express endogenous IFN?, which leads to their development into T1 B cells that produce IFN?. The ability of T1 B cells to escape negative B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated selection is dictated by the type I IFN-determined responsiveness of this T1 subset to BCR-mediated signaling in combination with stimulation of TLR signaling (TLR7 or TLR9) by apoptotic debris. This preferentially permits escape of nucleic antigen-autoreactive B cells. We have further identified that the T1 B cell compartment contains distinct subsets of cells. As these included subsets with transcriptional profiles that parallel the phenotypes of mature and anergic suppressive regulatory (Breg) cells and their immunogenic counterparts that predominate in SLE, our new data suggest that this phenotypic switch in the mature B cells is imprinted during the T1 stage. These data also suggest that development of type I IFN network associated T1 B cells in BXD2 mice is associated with type I IFN-inducing transcription factors (IRF3 and IRF7) whereas induction of the Foxp3+ regulatory T1 B cells is associated with transcription factor, ID3. Notably, these data not only suggest suppression of precursors of T1-Breg is a novel pathogenic framework in SLE but also provide the tool, i.e., the gene expression signatures in sorted transitional B cells, that enable its analysis. We will test the critical elements of our overall hypothesis through three Specific Aims that will: (1) Distinguish the roles of the constitutive IFN? signaling and the microenvironmental signals in driving the development of T1 B cells; (2) Identify if the initial T1 B cell transcriptional imprinting is maintained at the T2/MZP-MZ-FO stage of development; and (3) Determine if T1 B-cell endogenous IFN? promotes a type I IFN network that suppresses the precursors of regulatory B cells at the T1 stage in SLE patients. The scientific premises of the proposed work include the parallels between transcriptional profiles in the T1 B cells and mature B cells and the segregation of type I IFN associated vs Breg associated transcriptional profiles in the T1 B cells. We have acquired reporter mouse strains for IFN?, IL-10, Foxp3 and Id3 to interrogate discreet developmental stages within and derived from transitional T1 B subsets. The information gained will have a broad-based impact on the field and improve the care of VA patients with SLE by identifying strategies to improve the efficacy of targeted biologic therapies together with non- invasive precision medicine guided-approaches.

Public Health Relevance

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a devastating autoimmune disease that is characterized by high autoantibody titers and elevated type I interferon (IFN) responses. Our use of powerful new techniques, including single cell gene expression analysis, has generated data indicating that intrinsically elevated IFN? production by early immature B cells imprints altered responses to IFN? signaling on the maturing B cells. This both promotes escape of autoreactive cells from normal deletion process and shifts development of suppressive regulatory B cells toward a proinflammatory phenotype. This paradigm shifting hypothesis will be tested using advanced in vivo and in vitro techniques to distinguish the roles of intrinsic B cell defects and environmental signals; test the proposed imprinting of the maturing B cells and its effects on tolerance induction and maintenance; and test if the intrinsic or imprinted B cell defects correspond to disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in SLE patients at the BVAMC.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Veterans Affairs (VA)
Type
Non-HHS Research Projects (I01)
Project #
5I01BX004049-03
Application #
9815445
Study Section
Immunology A (IMMA)
Project Start
2017-10-01
Project End
2021-09-30
Budget Start
2019-10-01
Budget End
2020-09-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2020
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Birmingham VA Medical Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
082140880
City
Birmingham
State
AL
Country
United States
Zip Code
35233
Hamilton, Jennie A; Wu, Qi; Yang, PingAr et al. (2018) Cutting Edge: Intracellular IFN-? and Distinct Type I IFN Expression Patterns in Circulating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus B Cells. J Immunol 201:2203-2208
Mountz, John D (2018) Editorial: STATus of STAT3 in Psoriatic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 70:801-804
Hamilton, Jennie A; Wu, Qi; Yang, PingAr et al. (2017) Cutting Edge: Endogenous IFN-? Regulates Survival and Development of Transitional B Cells. J Immunol 199:2618-2623
Hamilton, Jennie A; Li, Jun; Wu, Qi et al. (2015) General Approach for Tetramer-Based Identification of Autoantigen-Reactive B Cells: Characterization of La- and snRNP-Reactive B Cells in Autoimmune BXD2 Mice. J Immunol 194:5022-34
Ding, Yanna; Mountz, John D; Hsu, Hui-Chen (2015) Identification of follicular T helper cells in tissue sections. Methods Mol Biol 1291:13-25
Li, Hao; Fu, Yang-Xin; Wu, Qi et al. (2015) Interferon-induced mechanosensing defects impede apoptotic cell clearance in lupus. J Clin Invest 125:2877-90
Ding, Yanna; Li, Jun; Yang, PingAr et al. (2014) Interleukin-21 promotes germinal center reaction by skewing the follicular regulatory T cell to follicular helper T cell balance in autoimmune BXD2 mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:2601-12
Li, Jun; Hsu, Hui-Chen; Ding, Yana et al. (2014) Inhibition of fucosylation reshapes inflammatory macrophages and suppresses type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:2368-79
Li, Hao; Hsu, Hui-Chen; Wu, Qi et al. (2014) IL-23 promotes TCR-mediated negative selection of thymocytes through the upregulation of IL-23 receptor and ROR?t. Nat Commun 5:4259
Ding, Yanna; Li, Jun; Wu, Qi et al. (2013) IL-17RA is essential for optimal localization of follicular Th cells in the germinal center light zone to promote autoantibody-producing B cells. J Immunol 191:1614-24

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