Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be complicated by Barrett?s esophagus, the condition in which a metaplastic, intestinal-type mucosa replaces esophageal squamous mucosa that has been damaged by GERD. Both GERD and Barrett?s esophagus are risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma, a deadly cancer whose incidence has been increasing rapidly for decades. Chronic GERD contributes to the malignant transformation of Barrett?s esophagus by causing inflammation, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in the metaplastic mucosa. The modern medical treatment of GERD is directed almost exclusively at decreasing gastric acid production with medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are very effective in controlling reflux esophagitis. However, the PPIs do not eliminate gastric acid secretion, they merely decrease it, and they do nothing to correct the underlying reflux diathesis. Thus, PPIs do not prevent the reflux of weakly acidic material and bile salts, both of which can inflict oxidative injury on the esophagus. This might explain why the frequency of esophageal adenocarcinoma continues to rise despite the widespread use of PPIs. To prevent Barrett?s cancers, new treatments are needed to minimize reflux-induced, oxidative genomic damage. Recent data suggest that esophageal adenocarcinomas develop as a direct consequence of GERD- induced oxidative DNA damage in Barrett?s metaplasia. Left unrepaired, this DNA damage leads to genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Maintenance of genomic integrity requires an appropriate cellular response to oxidative injury, which normally is provided by the p53 gene. This gene is inactivated frequently during carcinogenesis in Barrett?s esophagus, however. In some p53-deficient cell types, p38 can assume the role of ?guardian? of genomic stability. In earlier studies, we showed that esophageal acid perfusion specifically activated p38 in the non-dysplastic Barrett?s mucosa of patients in vivo, and that Barrett?s cells in vitro were uniquely susceptible to bile acid-induced DNA damage. We also have established Barrett?s epithelial cell lines that faithfully recapitulate molecular events induced by acid and bile salts in primary tissues. We have inactivated p53 in some of these unique cell lines, which we propose to use in studies that recapitulate the early stages of Barrett?s carcinogenesis. We have preliminary data demonstrating that weakly acidic bile salts induce Barrett?s epithelial cells to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative DNA damage. This oxidative injury results in a modest, brief increase in phospho-p38 in p53-intact Barrett?s cells, while oxidative DNA damage triggers a strong, sustained phospho-p38 increase in p53-deficient Barrett?s cells. We show that inhibition of p38 impairs the ability of Barrett?s cells to remove apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, the early manifestations of oxidative DNA damage that ordinarily are eliminated by AP endonuclease-1 (APE-1), a base-excision-repair protein. We have found that acidic bile salts cause Barrett?s cells to increase their expression and nuclear localization of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), a protein that enhances the functional efficiency of APE-1; these events also are impaired by p38 inhibition. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that activation of the p38 pathway in Barrett?s cells by reflux-induced oxidative stress is an important cancer-preventive mechanism that works by upregulating NPM1 to enhance the efficiency of APE-1 in repairing oxidative DNA damage. Our proposed studies are designed to elucidate mechanisms whereby p38 activation regulates NPM1 to enhance APE-1 efficiency in repairing reflux-induced oxidative DNA damage in Barrett?s cells, and to demonstrate that acute reflux esophagitis in Barrett?s patients is associated with p38 activation and with markers of enhanced efficiency of APE-1 in their Barrett?s metaplasia. These studies will elucidate early cellular and molecular events that drive neoplastic progression in Barrett?s esophagus, thereby providing the basis for development of new medical treatments to prevent deadly Barrett?s cancers in our Veteran patients.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be complicated by Barrett?s esophagus, the condition in which an abnormal, intestinal-type lining replaces the normal lining of the esophagus. GERD and Barrett?s esophagus are very common disorders, and are the major risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma, the most frequent type of esophageal cancer seen in Veteran patients. Esophageal adenocarcinomas develop as a result of GERD-induced DNA damage in Barrett?s esophagus. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which block the production of stomach acid, are the major medical treatment for GERD. However, PPIs do not prevent weakly acidic material and bile salts in the stomach from refluxing into the esophagus and causing DNA damage that might result in cancer. Our studies are designed to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie the repair of GERD- induced DNA damage in Barrett?s esophagus. This knowledge will provide the basis for developing new medical treatments to improve DNA damage repair and prevent deadly Barrett?s cancers from forming.
