My primary research interests center around developing efficacious and effective behavioral interventions for substance use problems among adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, my clinical and research experiences have guided me to focus on smoking cessation. Clinically, I have observed that smoking is prevalent among patients who present for the treatment of PTSD, and that anxiety processes often serve to smoking. A growing body of research supports these observations. Moreover, extant smoking cessation interventions have often failed to yield lasting clinical change. These observations converge with one another to suggest that there is scientific and clinical merit to developing interventions that target anxiety processes and PTSD in one overarching model. My research experience to date is primarily in the area of the nature, causes, and treatment of anxiety disorders. Thus, my proposed line of research requires further training in substance use disorders. In the short- term, my professional goals provide clear direction for further training. would like to use the K01 mechanism to build upon my previous experience and training in three meaningful ways. First, I selected two mentors [Drs. Smits (Primary) and Zvolensky (Co-Mentor)] who can guide me in my efforts to develop an independent research program focusing on smoking cessation. Dr. Smits and Zvolensky bring expertise in the development and evaluation of interventions for anxiety and related substance use problems. Second, with help of Dr. Foa, an internationally-recognized expert in PTSD, I have developed a curriculum to build my expertise in PTSD. Third, I have planned a series of courses and meetings with Dr. Rosenfield, a biostatistician, to learn about statistical methods as it relates to testing mediatio and moderation. Together, these integrated training experiences will help me reach my long-term goal, which is to pursue this independent line of work as a tenured faculty member in a psychology department. The research plan of this K01 application is consistent with my transition to substance use disorder research. This K01 research plan aims to develop and test an integrated intervention for improving the outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation in adults with PTSD. PTSD is associated with increased smoking and failed cessation attempts.2-7 The prevalence of smoking in persons with PTSD is 44.6 %, compared to 22.5% in persons with no psychiatric disorder.8 Smokers with PTSD are more likely to be dependent,4 smoke heavily (> 25 cigarettes per day),2 experience more severe withdrawal symptoms, and relapse following a quit attempt.2 In fact, the quit rate in smokers with PTSD (23.2%) is one of the lowest of all mental disorders.8Thus, the vast majority of persons with PTSD attempting to quit smoking do not benefit from existing intervention protocols. Clearly, there is a need for the development of specialized or personalized strategies for this population. Features of PTSD that may contribute to smokers' progression to nicotine dependence and cessation relapse include negative affect, fear, increased arousal, irritability, anger, distress intolerance, and anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety sensitivity is higher in persons with PTSD than in any other anxiety disorder except for panic disorder.9 High anxiety sensitivity is uniquely associated with greater odds of lapse10 and relapse11-13 during quit attempts.13 Distress intolerance, a perceived or behavioral tendency to not tolerate distress,14 is related to both the maintenance of PTSD and problems in quitting smoking.15 Fear extinction-based treatments (i.e., prolonged exposure [PE], interoceptive exposure [IE]) have shown efficacy for reducing PTSD16 and distress intolerance and anxiety sensitivity17-19 and therefore emerge as promising candidates to augment standard smoking cessation interventions for individuals with PTSD. The present application proposes to pilot test an integrated and specialized treatment for smokers with PTSD. This Integrated PTSD and Smoking Treatment (IPST) combines cognitive-behavioral therapy and nicotine replacement treatment for smoking cessation (standard care; SC) with PE to target PTSD symptoms (e.g., negative affect, fear, increased arousal, irritability, anger) and IE to reduce anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance. To thi end, 80 adult smokers with PTSD will be randomly assigned to either: (1) IPST or (2) SC. Smoking outcomes will be assessed 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, and 24 weeks after quit date. Measure of putative mediators will be assessed repeatedly prior and following the quit date.

Public Health Relevance

Post-traumatic stress disorder is related to a significantly increased risk of smoking cessation failure. The goal of the current research is to develop and evaluate the potential efficacy a specialized cognitive-behavioral program targeting the role of anxiety sensitivity, distress intolerance, and anxious responding to trauma cues in smoking maintenance.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Scientist Development Award - Research & Training (K01)
Project #
5K01DA035930-06
Application #
9302344
Study Section
Risk, Prevention and Intervention for Addictions Study Section (RPIA)
Program Officer
Lao, Guifang
Project Start
2013-07-03
Project End
2019-06-30
Budget Start
2017-07-01
Budget End
2019-06-30
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Texas Austin
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
170230239
City
Austin
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
78759
Carpenter, Joseph K; Andrews, Leigh A; Witcraft, Sara M et al. (2018) Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depress Anxiety 35:502-514
Kearns, Nathan T; Carl, Emily; Stein, Aliza T et al. (2018) Posttraumatic stress disorder and cigarette smoking: A systematic review. Depress Anxiety 35:1056-1072
Zvolensky, Michael J; Rosenfield, David; Garey, Lorra et al. (2018) Does exercise aid smoking cessation through reductions in anxiety sensitivity and dysphoria? Health Psychol 37:647-657
Powers, Mark B; de Kleine, Rianne A; Smits, Jasper A J (2017) Core Mechanisms of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Psychiatr Clin North Am 40:611-623
Farris, Samantha G; Davis, Michelle L; Rosenfield, David et al. (2016) Exercise Self-Efficacy Moderates the Relation between Anxiety Sensitivity and Body Mass Index and Exercise Tolerance in Treatment-Seeking Smokers. Ment Health Phys Act 10:25-32
Smits, Jasper A J; Powers, Mark B; Rosenfield, David et al. (2016) BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism as a Moderator of Exercise Enhancement of Smoking Cessation Treatment in Anxiety Vulnerable Adults. Ment Health Phys Act 10:73-77
Smits, Jasper A J; Kauffman, Brooke Y; Lee-Furman, Eunjung et al. (2016) Enhancing panic and smoking reduction treatment with d-cycloserine: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 48:46-51
Hopkins, Lindsey B; Medina, Johnna L; Baird, Scarlett O et al. (2016) Heated hatha yoga to target cortisol reactivity to stress and affective eating in women at risk for obesity-related illnesses: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 84:558-64
Fillo, Jennifer; Alfano, Candice A; Paulus, Daniel J et al. (2016) Emotion dysregulation explains relations between sleep disturbance and smoking quit-related cognition and behavior. Addict Behav 57:6-12
Zandberg, Laurie J; Rosenfield, David; McLean, Carmen P et al. (2016) Concurrent treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: Predictors and moderators of outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 84:43-56

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