Because basic properties of stimuli such as similarity-dissimilarity and novelty-familiarity are intrinsically relational and are embedded in ubiquitous environmental contexts, the ability to detect such relational information is essential to adaptive functioning. There is substantial evidence that children that have low mental ages-both retarded children and young non-retarded children--exhibit markedly deficient performances on tasks that demand relational responding (Greenfield, 1985; Soraci et al., 1987, 1989). In an extension of experimental paradigms the present investigator has utilized in previous research, the specific aim of this proposal is to analyze and enhance the relational characteristics of stimulus arrays in order to facilitate performance on tasks such as oddity and match-to""""""""sample. Oddity and arbitrary match-to-sample are particularly clear examples of tasks in which individual stimuli do not have discrete informational value independent of their relations to the stimuli that comprise their context; rather, the informational value of individual stimuli in these tasks is in large part determined by the surround in which they appear (Dinsmoor, 1985; Sidman & Stoddard, 1968). Converging evidence from various studies conducted by the present investigator and others suggests that a critical factor in the performance discrepancies between retarded and non-retarded children is a differential sensitivity to relational information (e.g., Soraci, Deckner, Baumeister, 1989). A major goal of the proposed research is to provide evidence relevant to the development of a theoretical model of relational learning. In the proposed studies, emphasis is placed on the role of the structure of the visual arrays in facilitating detection of relevant stimulus relations. Stimulus organization variables are also examined as they relate to stimulus detection and discriminative responding. The proposed studies are divided into two sections: Oddity and Stimulus Organization.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Modified Research Career Development Award (K04)
Project #
5K04HD000921-07
Application #
2194395
Study Section
Human Development and Aging Subcommittee 3 (HUD)
Project Start
1993-09-01
Project End
1995-07-31
Budget Start
1994-08-01
Budget End
1995-07-31
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
1994
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Tufts University
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
073134835
City
Medford
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02155
Soraci Jr, S A; Franks, J J; Bransford, J D et al. (1994) Incongruous item generation effects: a multiple-cue perspective. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 20:67-78
Utley, C A; Hoehn, T P; Soraci Jr, S A et al. (1993) Span of apprehension in mentally retarded children: an initial investigation. J Intellect Disabil Res 37 ( Pt 2):183-7
Carlin, M T; Soraci Jr, S A (1993) Similarities in the detection of stimulus symmetry by individuals with and without mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard 98:336-48
Soraci Jr, S A; Deckner, C W; Baumeister, A A et al. (1991) Generalized oddity performance in preschool children: a bimodal training procedure. J Exp Child Psychol 51:280-95