This K23 award will provide Dr. Bryan Greenhouse with resources and protected time to achieve the following career development goals: (1) To become an independent translational clinical researcher in malaria epidemiology and population genetics;(2) To develop advanced molecular genotyping techniques to study the spread of malaria parasites;and (3) To apply advanced principles in epidemiology, biostatistics, and population genetics to improve understanding of selection and spread of drug-resistant malaria. To achieve these goals, Dr. Greenhouse has assembled a mentoring team comprised of his sponsor and primary mentor, Dr. Philip Rosenthal, who has extensive experience with basic and translational malaria research;and two co-mentors: Dr. Grant Dorsey, a molecular epidemiologist who is a leader in clinical and translational malaria research, and Dr. Alan Hubbard, a biostatistician with advanced expertise in dynamic models of infectious diseases. Training will entail laboratory research, advanced statistical analysis, and coursework resulting in a Master's degree in Biostatistics. Despite a renewal of efforts to control malaria in recent years, malarial mortality has continued to increase in parts of Africa due in large part to the spread of drug resistance. Implementation of efforts to control the spread of drug-resistant malaria are limited by a poor understanding of effects of antimalarial therapy on the selection and spread of drug resistance. In this project, Dr. Greenhouse will study P. falciparum drug resistance, taking advantage of an established, well-characterized cohort of 690 Ugandan children followed for 4.5 years, with capture of all malaria episodes and GPS-mapping of all households. He will test 3 hypotheses: 1) Repeated treatments for malaria with the same therapy increase the risk of treatment failure and select for drug-resistant parasites;2) The risk of treatment failure will increase over time, and this increased risk can be explained by an increase in the prevalence of parasites with drug-resistance mutations;and 3) The local spread of resistant parasites is more efficient than that of sensitive parasites.
Three specific aims are proposed:
Aim 1 : To optimize techniques for high-resolution genotyping of P. falciparum;
Aim 2 : To study the effect of repeated malaria treatment on the outcomes of therapy and selection of drug resistance mutations;
and Aim 3 : To study the spread of drug resistance in a well characterized community in Uganda. Using genotyping techniques developed in Aim 1 to accurately distinguish recrudescent from new infections, he will characterize the relationship between recent prior therapy and both subsequent treatment outcomes and the selection of drug resistance mutations in Aim 2.
In Aim 3, he will assess changes in the risk of treatment failure and prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in parasites over time and compare the relative spread of sensitive and resistant parasites in the cohort.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23)
Project #
5K23AI076614-05
Application #
8321055
Study Section
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases B Subcommittee (MID)
Program Officer
Rao, Malla R
Project Start
2008-09-01
Project End
2013-07-31
Budget Start
2012-08-01
Budget End
2013-07-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$121,770
Indirect Cost
$9,020
Name
University of California San Francisco
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
094878337
City
San Francisco
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94143
Gong, Lauren; Parikh, Sunil; Rosenthal, Philip J et al. (2013) Biochemical and immunological mechanisms by which sickle cell trait protects against malaria. Malar J 12:317
Sturrock, Hugh J W; Hsiang, Michelle S; Cohen, Justin M et al. (2013) Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: active surveillance in control and elimination. PLoS Med 10:e1001467
Sturrock, Hugh J W; Novotny, Joe M; Kunene, Simon et al. (2013) Reactive case detection for malaria elimination: real-life experience from an ongoing program in Swaziland. PLoS One 8:e63830
Gong, Lauren; Maiteki-Sebuguzi, Catherine; Rosenthal, Philip J et al. (2012) Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait. Blood 119:3808-14
Keh, Chris E; Jha, Aashish R; Nzarubara, Bridget et al. (2012) Associations between antibodies to a panel of Plasmodium falciparum specific antigens and response to sub-optimal antimalarial therapy in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One 7:e52571
Greenhouse, Bryan; Slater, Madeline; Njama-Meya, Denise et al. (2009) Decreasing efficacy of antimalarial combination therapy in Uganda is explained by decreasing host immunity rather than increasing drug resistance. J Infect Dis 199:758-65