There are 2 million new HIV infections in the world each year. Acquisition of HIV is only partially explained by exposure, behavior, and concurrent sexually transmitted infections. There is growing evidence that both local and systemic immune activation may make target cells more susceptible to HIV. Studies that have noted associations with immune activation and HIV acquisition have not been equipped to identify specific disease states that accompany these at- risk profiles. Because the latent HIV reservoir is established within days of infection, and susceptibility of HIV target cells is modified by immune activation, the inflammatory state at the time of HIV acquisition may modulate the quantity of cells at risk, and therefore the size of the latent HIV reservoir. We will identify inflammatory profiles that modulate risk of HIV acquisition and size of the latent viral reservoir among high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM) in an established cohort in Lima, Peru. We will attempt to determine the component causes of immune activation, including persistent and transient viral infections, alcohol and substance use, and sexual exposure that contribute to this high-risk immune activation. In this Peruvian cohort, HIV-negative MSM were followed with monthly visits, questionnaires, and banked blood samples. MSM who acquired HIV were enrolled in a follow-up study and received antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately or after 24 weeks, and will continue to be followed for the next four years.
In Aim 1, we will use a nested case-control design to compare cytokine profiles and a novel viral serologic assay (VirScan) from matching time-points in MSM who did and did not acquire HIV to evaluate predictors of HIV acquisition.
In Aim 2, we will evaluate immune activation and viral infections present immediately prior to HIV acquisition as predictors for size of the latent viral reservoir in MSM who acquired HIV. We will build statistical models to describe the role of viruses and other component causes of immune activation on HIV acquisition and reservoir size, respectively. Innovations in our study include the addition of cutting edge technology to evaluate immune responses to known viral infections (VirScan) to multidimensional cohort data to better identify human and cellular susceptibility to HIV infection, and the ability to connect causes of inflammation and markers of immune activation within a very narrow exposure period prior to HIV acquisition. We expect that the results of this study will improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV susceptibility and allow further work towards biomedical interventions to prevent HIV infection and modulate the latent HIV reservoir.

Public Health Relevance

/PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE We will study men who have sex with men (MSM) who are at high risk for HIV infection, or who have already become infected with HIV. This study will explore whether immune responses to other viral infections increase risk of HIV infection or increase the amount of HIV that becomes ?latent? in immune cells after HIV infection has occurred. We hope that the results of this study will help us develop both HIV prevention and HIV cure strategies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23)
Project #
5K23AI129659-05
Application #
10086370
Study Section
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Research Review Committee (AIDS)
Program Officer
Lawrence, Diane M
Project Start
2017-01-05
Project End
2021-12-31
Budget Start
2021-01-01
Budget End
2021-12-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2021
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Washington
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
605799469
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98195
Bender Ignacio, Rachel A; Madison, Amy T; Moshiri, Ata et al. (2018) A Population-based Study of Perinatal Infection Risk in Women with and without Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and their Infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 32:81-89
Oseso, Linda N; Chiao, Elizabeth Y; Ignacio, Rachel A Bender (2018) Evaluating Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in HIV-Associated Malignancy: Is There Enough Evidence to Inform Clinical Guidelines? J Natl Compr Canc Netw 16:927-932
Bender Ignacio, Rachel; Lin, Lilie L; Rajdev, Lakshmi et al. (2018) Evolving Paradigms in HIV Malignancies: Review of Ongoing Clinical Trials. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 16:1018-1026
Bender Ignacio, Rachel; Ghadrshenas, Matine; Low, Daniel et al. (2018) HIV Status and Associated Clinical Characteristics Among Adult Patients With Cancer at the Uganda Cancer Institute. J Glob Oncol :1-10
Bender Ignacio, Rachel A; Ramchandani, Meena S; Laing, Kerry J et al. (2017) T Cell Immunity to Varicella-Zoster Virus in the Setting of Advanced HIV and Multiple Varicella-Zoster Virus Recurrences. Viral Immunol 30:77-80