Recent years have seen substantial advances in understanding of the neurobiology of goal-directed decision making. There is evidence that such decisions produce specific neural activation patterns hypothesized to reflect encoding of subjective or goal values (GVs), defined as the predicted reward value of available options, calculated in a 'common currency'at the time of decision14,15. Many of these gains in knowledge are emerging from the discipline of neuroeconomics. Despite the clear relevance of these findings for drug dependence, arguably pathology of decision-making16, 22, little is known about the neurobehavioral mechanisms of the most clinically-relevant decisions made by drug users: decisions to obtain and use drugs. This application proposes two parallel within-subjects studies examining the neural encoding of GVs during choices between money and marijuana (MJ~ Study 1), cocaine (COC~ Study 2) and palatable food (both studies) in regular MJ and COC users, and the impact of cue exposure on these processes. Employing a combination of human behavioral pharmacology, advanced fMRI methods, and neuroeconomic approaches, we aim to contribute an understanding of the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying decisions to use drugs versus non-drug rewards in regular drug users, knowledge that could ultimately play a central role in developing interventions to prevent these decisions. Regular non-treatment-seeking MJ (e4x/week~ N=20) and COC (e2x/week~ N=20) smokers will complete a 4-day inpatient protocol including 4 randomized conditions: 1) Drug versus money choices after neutral cues~ 2) Drug versus money choices after drug cues~ 3) Food versus money choices after neutral cues~ and 4) Food versus money choices after food cues. A range of choices between drug/food and money will be made in an fMRI task, after which one choice will be randomly selected for implementation, with MJ, COC or food administered accordingly.
We aim to 1) characterize neural mediators of relationships between the amount of drug or food offered and the decisions made~ 2) Investigate differences in behavior and neural GV signals during choices about drug compared to choices about food~ and 3) Compare effects of drug and food cues on behavior and GV signals during choices about drugs relative to food. We anticipate that signaling in the ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) and striatum will mediate relationships between the amount of all three rein forcers offered and decisions made. We further hypothesize that drug-related decisions, and decisions after drug but not food cues, will involve quantitatively greater GV signaling in vmPFC and striatum, thought to be the final seat of valuation in the primate brain14,15. Execution of these studies will be combined with a comprehensive training program that includes didactic training in Matlab programming, advanced fMRI analysis, and neuroeconomics, guided readings in human behavioral pharmacology and fMRI methods, and supervision and oversight by a team of internationally- recognized experts in human behavioral pharmacology (Drs. Haney and Foltin), advanced fMRI analysis (Dr. Lindquist), and the neurobiology of decision-making (Dr. Glimcher). The well developed training plan proposed will therefore provide the Principal Investigator, Dr. Gill Bedi, with the advanced-level skills in these areas to initiate an independent research program, using human behavioral pharmacology and advanced fMRI skills to investigate clinically-important questions about drug addiction. Dr. Bedi has graduate training in clinical psychology and postdoctoral training in human behavioral pharmacology involving illicit drug challenge studies in non-clinical, but not drug-using, populations. She has a strong track record of publication for an early career investigator, and has demonstrated capacity to obtain NIH funding for small grants, having been awarded an R03 and a R21 in 2011. While this emerging research track bodes extremely well for her capacity to develop into a creative and productive independent researcher, the protected time, training, and mentored research experience that would be provided under this K23 award are critical at this juncture of her career to allow her to complete the transition to full independence as a patient-oriented researcher. Dr. Bedi's immediate goal is to develop advanced skills in human behavioral pharmacology and fMRI analysis that would allow her to obtain independent R01 funding. Her longer-term goal is to develop a programmatic line of research employing these methods within the Substance Use Research Center in New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia Psychiatry. The Institutional environment available to support Dr. Bedi's development as a researcher is among the best in the world, combining ready access to internationally-renowned senior faculty, an established history of successful development of young researchers, and world-class facilities including medical facilities to support studies involving marijuana and cocaine smoked self-administration and a 3T research-dedicated GE MR scanner housed in the NYSPI MRI Center. Thus, this application proposes an innovative project with the potential for substantial impact. It combines expert mentorship and comprehensive training to facilitate the transition of an early career researcher with a promising emerging track of publication and small NIH grant funding to full independence as a patient-oriented researcher.

Public Health Relevance

A fundamental outstanding question for understanding problem drug use and developing effective treatments concerns how and why drug abusers repeatedly make decisions to take drugs despite substantial negative consequences. This project aims to improve understanding of problem drug use and ultimately contribute to treatment development by using an innovative laboratory and brain imaging approach to study the neural and behavioral processes involved in the decision to self-administer marijuana and cocaine in regular users of these drugs. This K23 award will also provide Gill Bedi, DPsych with the necessary advanced training in human behavioral pharmacology, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) methods, and the neurobiology of decision-making to launch a successful independent research career studying clinically- important questions about drug abuse.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23)
Project #
5K23DA034877-02
Application #
8620636
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-RPIA-N (09))
Program Officer
Bjork, James M
Project Start
2013-03-01
Project End
2018-02-28
Budget Start
2014-03-01
Budget End
2015-02-28
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$186,048
Indirect Cost
$13,648
Name
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
167204994
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10032
Chao, Thomas; Radoncic, Vanya; Hien, Denise et al. (2018) Stress responding in cannabis smokers as a function of trauma exposure, sex, and relapse in the human laboratory. Drug Alcohol Depend 185:23-32
Vadhan, Nehal P; Corcoran, Cheryl M; Bedi, Gill et al. (2017) Acute effects of smoked marijuana in marijuana smokers at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 257:372-374
Bedi, Gillinder; Shiffrin, Laura; Vadhan, Nehal P et al. (2016) Effects of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone and smoked cocaine on facial affect recognition in cocaine smokers. J Psychopharmacol 30:370-7
Haney, Margaret; Malcolm, Robert J; Babalonis, Shanna et al. (2016) Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology 41:1974-82
Foltin, Richard W; Haney, Margaret; Bedi, Gillinder et al. (2016) Modafinil decreases cocaine choice in human cocaine smokers only when the response requirement and the alternative reinforcer magnitude are large. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 150-151:8-13
Baggott, Matthew J; Kirkpatrick, Matthew G; Bedi, Gillinder et al. (2015) Intimate insight: MDMA changes how people talk about significant others. J Psychopharmacol 29:669-77
Bedi, Gillinder; Lindquist, Martin A; Haney, Margaret (2015) An fMRI-Based Neural Signature of Decisions to Smoke Cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:2657-65
Haney, Margaret; Ramesh, Divya; Glass, Andrew et al. (2015) Naltrexone Maintenance Decreases Cannabis Self-Administration and Subjective Effects in Daily Cannabis Smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:2489-98
Kamilar-Britt, Philip; Bedi, Gillinder (2015) The prosocial effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Controlled studies in humans and laboratory animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 57:433-46
Bedi, Gillinder; Carrillo, Facundo; Cecchi, Guillermo A et al. (2015) Automated analysis of free speech predicts psychosis onset in high-risk youths. NPJ Schizophr 1:15030

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