Voters in the state of Washington have approved Initiative 1183, which ends the state monopoly on spirits sales as of June 1, 2012 and removes a number of regulations related to distribution and pricing. Spirits producers will be allowed to sell directly to retailers, bypassing the wholesale tier. New state spirits taxes, designed to make up the significant lost revenues from the spirits monopoly, will be the highest in the US states. Because these taxes will now go on top of profits to distributors and retailers, we expect spirits prices to rise to well above current levels. Importantly, the initiative requires retail taxes to b listed separately from the base price so that consumers can clearly see the tax amount. Commercial proponents likely intended this to spark later efforts to reduce spirits taxes, making future revenues uncertain. Despite a minimum size requirement that will limit licensees to large alcohol super-stores, supermarkets and other large store types, outlet density for spirits is expected to increase substantially along with later hours of sale and greater shopping convenience. This availability increase may lead to greater spirits sales even though prices will increase, as this occurred after two retail privatizations in Canadian provinces that also resulted in higher retail prices in private stores. The proposed study was designed to evaluate impacts over time of these tax and availability increases and potential future changes such as a tax reduction. We propose to track implementation of regulations, revenues and prices and use state-representative cross- sectional and longitudinal surveys of Washington drinkers and residents to evaluate changes in drinking, purchasing, problems, attitudes and experiences following privatization and across later changes. The longitudinal survey will follow spirits drinkers to assess individual drinkers' changes in detailed purchasing and consumption behaviors. Cross-sectional survey waves will be conducted every six months to allow retrospective pre-and multiple-post analyses capturing both initial and any tax and market structural shifts occurring within 3 years. Retrospective questions will assess drinking and purchasing behavior before the privatization, facilitating analysis of change. Representative surveys from the CDC with cross-sectional waves both before and after privatization will also be utilized to evaluate changes in youth and adult drinking patterns. Brand-level price and sales series from the control system and from supermarkets after privatization will be obtained using archival data sources. Other store types will be monitored through the internet and store visits. Analyses will determine the effects of the privatization and later changes on prices, sales, state revenues, drinking and purchasing patterns, experiences of alcohol-related harms (including perceived harms from other people's drinking) and opinions regarding alcohol policies, spirits availability and prices. Results will inform debates regarding government control of alcohol sales, relevant to 18 remaining control states and on the three-tier system and alcohol taxation relevant to all US states.

Public Health Relevance

Proposed analyses will lead to improved understanding of the effects of privatizing government controlled alcohol sales systems, alcohol taxes and alcohol availability in terms of their effects on prices, revenues, drinking patterns, alcohol-related harm, youth drinking and problems and policy opinions. Findings may be influential in furthering public health by estimating costs related to liberalizations of alcohol policies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AA021742-03
Application #
8841285
Study Section
Community Influences on Health Behavior (CIHB)
Program Officer
Bloss, Gregory
Project Start
2013-05-25
Project End
2018-04-30
Budget Start
2015-05-01
Budget End
2016-04-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$597,916
Indirect Cost
$210,915
Name
Public Health Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
128663390
City
Oakland
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94607
Greenfield, Thomas K; Williams, Edwina; Kerr, William C et al. (2018) Washington State Spirits Privatization: How Satisfied were Liquor Purchasers Before and After, and by Type of Retail Store in 2014? Subst Use Misuse 53:1260-1266
Kerr, William C; Williams, Edwina; Ye, Yu et al. (2018) Survey Estimates of Changes in Alcohol Use Patterns Following the 2012 Privatization of the Washington Liquor Monopoly. Alcohol Alcohol 53:470-476
Kerr, William C; Ye, Yu; Subbaraman, Meenakshi Sabina et al. (2018) Changes in Marijuana Use Across the 2012 Washington State Recreational Legalization: Is Retrospective Assessment of Use Before Legalization More Accurate? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 79:495-502
Subbaraman, Meenakshi Sabina; Kerr, William C (2017) Support for marijuana legalization in the US state of Washington has continued to increase through 2016. Drug Alcohol Depend 175:205-209
Subbaraman, Meenakshi Sabina; Kerr, William C (2016) Marijuana policy opinions in Washington state since legalization: Would voters vote the same way? Contemp Drug Probl 43:369-380
Ye, Yu; Kerr, William C (2016) Estimated increase in cross-border purchases by Washington residents following liquor privatization and implications for alcohol consumption trends. Addiction 111:1948-1953
Subbaraman, Meenakshi S; Kerr, William C (2016) Opinions on the Privatization of Distilled-Spirits Sales in Washington State: Did Voters Change Their Minds? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 77:568-76
Subbaraman, Meenakshi Sabina (2016) Substitution and Complementarity of Alcohol and Cannabis: A Review of the Literature. Subst Use Misuse 51:1399-414
Kerr, William C; Williams, Edwina; Greenfield, Thomas K (2015) Analysis of Price Changes in Washington Following the 2012 Liquor Privatization. Alcohol Alcohol 50:654-60
Subbaraman, Meenakshi S; Kerr, William C (2015) Simultaneous versus concurrent use of alcohol and cannabis in the National Alcohol Survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 39:872-9