HIV-1 displays complex phenotypes for coreceptor usage and repertoire of host cells. Types of cells targeted by HIV-1 can have a profound impact for disease progression, provide different intracellular milieus that can facilitate evasion of immunity, modulation of variants within the viral quasispecies, and provide reservoirs for latent infection. Macrophage tropism by variants of HIV-1 is regulated at the level of entry by viral use and host cell expression of coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4. Genetic determinants of coreceptor usage map to HIV- 1 env, in particular hypervariable domain V3 in Env gp120. CXCR4-mediated entry can be distinct for different cell types. The rationale for the proposed studies is that CXCR4-using viruses develop in vivo, and contribute to disease progression. The hypothesis is that complex, discontinuous determinants that map to regions of Env outside V3 modulate interactions between Env gp120 and CXCR4 in a cell-type dependent manner.
Three Specific Aims are proposed: 1. Map genotypic evolution in vivo of envelope gp120 V1-V5 regions; 2. Map determinants in gp120 that confer D-X4 phenotype in different primary cells; and 3. Determine functional impact of gp120-mediated coreceptor usage on macrophages and thymocytes. Studies are cross-sectional, including primary subtype B, A, and D viruses from peripheral blood, and longitudinal, including viruses from peripheral blood prior to and following antiretroviral therapy and from peripheral blood and tissue compartments. The proposed studies use innovative technologies and longitudinal evaluation of genotype, phenotype, and function of envelopes from individuals with well-defined clinical variables to identify determinants among viruses that emerge in vivo prior to development of late stage disease. The proposed studies are significant for defining unique phenotypic characteristics of envelopes that use CXCR4 for infection of macrophages and thymocytes, immune biomarkers that aid clinicians in defining the optimal timing for initiation of ART in children, development of novel, cell-type specific inhibitors of chemokine receptor interactions, and designing therapeutic vaccines with effects across subtypes and coreceptor usage to prevent evolution of viruses with expanded tropism and pathogenesis.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01AI065265-01
Application #
6947515
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-AARR-A (08))
Program Officer
Wassef, Nabila M
Project Start
2005-04-01
Project End
2010-03-31
Budget Start
2005-04-01
Budget End
2006-03-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2005
Total Cost
$485,120
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Florida
Department
Pathology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
969663814
City
Gainesville
State
FL
Country
United States
Zip Code
32611
Lamers, Susanna L; Nolan, David J; Rife, Brittany D et al. (2015) Tracking the Emergence of Host-Specific Simian Immunodeficiency Virus env and nef Populations Reveals nef Early Adaptation and Convergent Evolution in Brain of Naturally Progressing Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 89:8484-96
Mild, Mattias; Gray, Rebecca R; Kvist, Anders et al. (2013) High intrapatient HIV-1 evolutionary rate is associated with CCR5-to-CXCR4 coreceptor switch. Infect Genet Evol 19:369-77
Yin, Li; Liu, Li; Sun, Yijun et al. (2012) High-resolution deep sequencing reveals biodiversity, population structure, and persistence of HIV-1 quasispecies within host ecosystems. Retrovirology 9:108
Strickland, Samantha L; Gray, Rebecca R; Lamers, Susanna L et al. (2012) Efficient transmission and persistence of low-frequency SIVmac251 variants in CD8-depleted rhesus macaques with different neuropathology. J Gen Virol 93:925-38
Lamers, Susanna L; Fogel, Gary B; Singer, Elyse J et al. (2012) HIV-1 Nef in macrophage-mediated disease pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 31:432-50
Gray, Rebecca R; Salemi, Marco; Lowe, Amanda et al. (2011) Multiple independent lineages of HIV-1 persist in breast milk and plasma. AIDS 25:143-52
Strickland, Samantha L; Gray, Rebecca R; Lamers, Susanna L et al. (2011) Significant genetic heterogeneity of the SIVmac251 viral swarm derived from different sources. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27:1327-32
Veras, Nazle Mendonca Collaco; Santoro, Maria Mercedes; Gray, Rebecca R et al. (2011) Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 CRF02_AG in Cameroon and African patients living in Italy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27:1173-82
Haraguchi, Soichi; Ho, Sarah K; Morrow, Matthew et al. (2011) Developmental regulation of P-glycoprotein activity within thymocytes results in increased anti-HIV protease inhibitor activity. J Leukoc Biol 90:653-60
Wallet, Mark A; Wallet, Shannon M; Guiulfo, Giorgio et al. (2010) IFNgamma primes macrophages for inflammatory activation by high molecular weight hyaluronan. Cell Immunol 262:84-8

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