The saliva of blood-sucking arthropod vectors for disease contains molecules that have either potent pharmacological or immunosuppressive effects. These molecules aid the vector in obtaining a blood meal and these molecules also inadvertently enhance the infectivity of the pathogens that these vectors transmit (arthropods probe in the skin for a blood meal and can deliver pathogens to the skin within their saliva). The saliva of the sand fly (the vector for leishmaniasis) dramatically exacerbates infection with Leishmania in mice and can determine whether Leishmania is able to successfully establish infection in the host. These observations suggested that it may be possible to vaccinate humans against vector-borne diseases by vaccinating against the molecules in vector saliva that allow the pathogen to establish infection in the host. It is now clear maxadilan (MAX) in the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis has dual functions: it is a potent vasodilator and also a modulator of the immune response. It mediates these effects via interaction with the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor and affects various functions of macrophages. MAX substitutes for whole saliva and exacerbates infection with Leishmania to the same extent as whole saliva. We have also produced a protein-based vaccine with MAX and have shown that it can induce profound protection in mice against challenge with Leishmania plus whole saliva. This application will explore the effects of MAX on the immune system, extend and refine our vaccine formulations against MAX and produce improved sand fly-based vaccines that utilize MAX and possibly other salivary targets. In addition, the application will explore the relevance of our findings with MAX in a mouse model to human model systems to determine whether MAX affects human cells as it does mouse cells and to what extent humans mount an immune response to MAX and other salivary molecules. Arthropods transmit some of the most serious diseases in the world (malaria, dengue, Lyme, West Nile, and many many more) and new arthropod-borne diseases emerge frequently. Moreover, because of bioterrorism, we station more and more troops in areas endemic for arthropod-borne diseases. There are currently no effective ways to control these diseases. New and effective methods (especially novel vaccine approaches such as the one described here) are sorely needed.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI065784-03
Application #
7178441
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-VMD (01))
Program Officer
Costero, Adriana
Project Start
2005-06-01
Project End
2010-02-28
Budget Start
2007-03-01
Budget End
2008-02-29
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2007
Total Cost
$429,375
Indirect Cost
Name
Colorado State University-Fort Collins
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Veterinary Medicine
DUNS #
785979618
City
Fort Collins
State
CO
Country
United States
Zip Code
80523
Mejia, J Santiago; Arthun, Erik N; Titus, Richard G (2010) Cysteine-free proteins in the immunobiology of arthropod-borne diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010:171537
Mejia, J Santiago; Toot-Zimmer, Amanda L; Schultheiss, Patricia C et al. (2010) BluePort: a platform to study the eosinophilic response of mice to the bite of a vector of Leishmania parasites, Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. PLoS One 5:e13546
Wheat, William H; Pauken, Kristen E; Morris, Robin V et al. (2008) Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary peptide maxadilan alters murine dendritic cell expression of CD80/86, CCR7, and cytokine secretion and reprograms dendritic cell-mediated cytokine release from cultures containing allogeneic T cells. J Immunol 180:8286-98
Al-Wabel, Mohammad A; Tonui, Willy K; Cui, Liwang et al. (2007) Protection of susceptible BALB/c mice from challenge with Leishmania major by nucleoside hydrolase, a soluble exo-antigen of Leishmania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:1060-5
Brodie, Tess M; Smith, Matthew C; Morris, Robin V et al. (2007) Immunomodulatory effects of the Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland protein maxadilan on mouse macrophages. Infect Immun 75:2359-65
Tonui, Willy K; Titus, Richard G (2007) Cross-protection against Leishmania donovani but not L. Braziliensis caused by vaccination with L. Major soluble promastigote exogenous antigens in BALB/c mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76:579-84
Bishop, Jeanette V; Mejia, J Santiago; Perez de Leon, Adalberto A et al. (2006) Salivary gland extracts of Culicoides sonorensis inhibit murine lymphocyte proliferation and no production by macrophages. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75:532-6
Titus, R G; Bishop, J V; Mejia, J S (2006) The immunomodulatory factors of arthropod saliva and the potential for these factors to serve as vaccine targets to prevent pathogen transmission. Parasite Immunol 28:131-41